钉螺的静水沉速及其在江河中扩散运动方式初探

 本文讨论了钉螺在水中运动的两个问题:钉螺的静水沉速和在江河中扩散运动方式。应用泥沙运动理论对钉螺静水沉速资料进行分析,研究钉螺在静水中沉降阻力系数变化规律和阻力系数与雷诺数的关系,从而了解了大小钉螺沉降的阻力性质,并建立了大螺、中螺和幼螺不同的沉速公式。钉螺在天然河道中的扩散方式与河道水流的水力因素有关,根据长江中游和汉江中下游河流的水流特性、输沙特点,并结合钉螺在静水中沉降运动规律,提出了钉螺在上述河道中扩散运动方式的判别式。由于活钉螺的生物、生态特征对其迁移、扩散具有     

离散涡方法在串列圆柱和张力腿平台绕流中的应用

海洋立柱和立柱群绕流是经典的流体力学问题,研究立柱排列方式、雷诺数和来流方向等因素对尾流形态和受力特性的影响,具有重要的理论和现实意义。传统的CFD方法大多存在计算时间长、难以处理复杂边界和数值耗散等不足。离散涡方法是将N-S方程表达成拉格朗日形式并用涡量-速度表示出来,不存在数值耗散,同时能使计算效率大幅提升。该文采用离散涡方法对不同间距比下串列双圆柱绕流的尾流特征和受力特性进行了研究,结果表明当间距比为2和3时,漩涡脱落仅发生在下游圆柱上,而上游圆柱不发生漩涡脱落现象,上游圆柱阻力系数为正数,下游圆柱阻力系数为负数;而当间距比为4时,上下游圆柱上均发生了明显脱涡现象,且上游和下游阻力系数均为正数。用离散涡方法对简化的张力腿平台模型进行了数值计算,研究了不同雷诺数及不同来流方向的绕流特征和受力特性,并与实验结果进行对比,表明不同流向角下张力腿平台的尾流形态为典型的2S脱涡模型。且除0°外,在其他不同角度下阻力系数随着雷诺数的增加先减小后保持平稳。     

钉螺随侧堰分流扩散规律的研究

因行洪、引水使钉螺由垸外向垸内扩散是血吸虫病蔓延的一个重要原因,研究钉螺随水流扩散规律对控制血吸虫病的流行极为重要。首先采用模型试验和数值模拟的方法研究了侧堰分流的流场特性,在此基础上进行了钉螺随侧堰分流扩散规律的实验研究。结果表明钉螺随水流扩散后并不是均匀分布在流场内,而是集中分布在侧堰附近上下游以及回流区域。这一结论为安全有效地灭螺提供了重要的理论依据。     

内河框架码头桩柱绕流水动力特性的二维数值模拟

桩柱绕流水动力特性直接决定水流对桩柱作用力的分布规律,是内河框架码头水流荷载计算的基础。结合计算流体动力学(CFD),依托内河框架码头实际工程,进行了内河框架码头大直径桩柱串列及并列4桩柱绕流水动力特性的二维数值模拟,系统分析了不同流速及不同桩间距下桩柱绕流尾流流场形态,揭示了桩柱绕流阻力系数、升力系数、斯特劳哈尔数随桩间距和流速的变化规律。研究了串列及并列4桩柱绕流流场形态和水动力特性,不同流速及不同桩间距下的遮流影响效应、遮流影响系数以及横向影响系数的变化。数值模拟与分析结果可为计算类似内河框架码头水流荷载提供一定的技术参考。     

台山核电厂引水隧洞进出水口阻力特性试验研究

结合台山核电厂输水系统工程,通过物理模型试验研究了引水隧洞不同粗糙度对进、出口段局部水头损失的影响规律。模型采用重力相似设计,比尺1∶18.9。在试验过程中,通过不断加大流量来改变模型水流雷诺数,依次得到不同糙率下的局部阻力系数随雷诺数变化曲线。局部阻力系数随雷诺数的增加而减小,其减小率随雷诺数的增加而下降,当雷诺数大于某临界值时,局部阻力系数逐渐趋于常数,说明水流进入阻力平方区,由此得到稳定后的局部阻力系数值。结果表明:不同粗糙度情况下,隧洞进、出口的局部阻力系数值变化明显,边壁粗糙度较大时,水流边界层受边壁绝对粗糙度影响,水流脉动跳跃离开边壁形成较大的涡流运动,水流能量耗散加强,对水流的阻力随之增大;局部阻力系数不仅与形状有关,还与隧洞的粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,局部阻力系数越大,对于该项目,粗糙管比光滑管进口段局部阻力系数加大约45%,出口段局部阻力系数加大约56%。研究成果为实际工程输水系统设计提供了依据。     

低雷诺数下自转圆盘绕流数值模拟研究

该文采用直接数值模拟方法探究绕中心轴旋转（自转）的圆盘尾流特性。将直径-厚度比为50的圆盘置于均匀来流中,绕流雷诺数Re_s（Re_s=U_∞D/ν,来流速度为U_∞,圆盘直径为D,流体的运动黏性系数为ν）为175,旋转雷诺数Re_r（Re_r=ωD²/2ν,圆盘自转角速度为ω）为0≤Re_r≤250。研究自转对圆盘尾涡形态、力系数和泄涡频率等流场特性的影响。研究结果显示,圆盘垂直固定于来流放置时,尾流表现为准周期平面对称态;圆盘开始自转后,尾流的平面对称性消失,呈现准周期旋转泄涡态;随着自转角速度增加,盘后尾流进一步发展成稳定螺旋态。根据尾流特性的变化得到,在一定程度上圆盘的自转可以稳定盘后的流场。     

坡面流阻力研究进展

坡面流阻力的研究对了解坡面流水流特性、汇流过程、土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理都非常重要。本文分5个方面总结了坡面流阻力研究的最新进展:(1)坡面流阻力系数与雷诺数的关系;(2)光滑床面上的坡面水流阻力;(3)粗糙床面上的坡面水流阻力;(4)降雨对坡面流阻力影响的研究;(5)坡面流阻力的计算模型。综合前人研究发现,阻力系数与雷诺数在不同的条件下呈正相关或负相关关系;用叠加法计算不同条件下的坡面流阻力有其合理的一面,也有不足之处;粗糙动床条件下的坡面水流阻力计算模型更接近实际情况。最后,本文指出了当前坡面流阻力研究存在的主要问题和未来需要突破的主攻方向。     

水利水电工程施工导截流模型试验中的阻力相似问题

施工导截流模型阻力不相似会导致试验成果与实际存在较大偏差。采用理论分析及水力计算方法,剖析了长导流隧洞壁面沿程阻力相似的影响因素,揭示了截流模型试验中阻力危机现象,提出了解决阻力不相似问题的途径。研究表明：对于隧洞导流模型受模型比尺制约,模型水流往往处于紊流过渡区,洞壁阻力系数是模型雷诺数的函数,如忽视模型阻力相似问题,会导致模型泄流能力试验值和洞内流态与原型存在较大偏差,可采取加大流量法或通过系统试验拟合阻力系数与模型雷诺数的关系,再对模型试验泄流能力成果予以修正。对于截流模型,块体抗冲稳定相似需满足推阻力系数相似,模型雷诺数Re_m只有在3×10⁴～2×10⁵时,绕流阻力系数C_d才为常数,可通过合理选择模型比尺使模型水流进入自模拟区,避免阻力危机。     

旋流中钉螺运动数值模拟

钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,研究其在水中的沉降特性与运动特征对防治血吸虫病具有重要意义。该文运用文献中的实测资料对钉螺自由态以及失控态的沉降速度及阻力系数进行了研究;提出了旋流排螺的设想,构建了三维数学模型模拟旋流装置中的水流及钉螺的运动,并对该模型进行了验证计算,结果表明,模型验证的计算成果与已有实测资料吻合良好。     

旋流排螺装置内水流特性数值模拟

旋流排螺装置借鉴旋流排沙的原理,通过装置内产生的螺旋流使水和钉螺分离。为了探明装置内水螺分离机理,必须研究其流场全面图景。采用雷诺应力模型(RSM),结合流体体积函数(VOF)方法对旋流排螺装置的水气两相流进行三维数值模拟研究,并分析研究二次流分布特性。计算的自由水面和三维流速分布均与试验结果吻合较好。计算结果表明:切向流速分布呈现强迫涡特征,流速随半径的减小而减小;隔板能够抑制边壁处向上运动的水流、减弱携钉螺溢出的二次环流,对钉螺的有效排除有着关键作用。研究成果可为控制涵闸渠道钉螺扩散,改进旋流排螺装置提供技术技撑。     

2-D eddy resolving simulations of flow past a circular array of cylindrical plant stems

In the present study, 2-D large eddy simulations(LES) are conducted for flow past a porous circular array with a solid volume fraction(SVF) of 8.8%, 15.4% and 21.5%. Such simulations are relevant to understanding flow in natural streams and channels containing patches of emerged vegetation. In the simulations discussed in the paper, the porous cylinder of diameter D contains a variable number of identical solid circular cylinders(rigid plant stems) of diameter d= 0.048 D. Most of the simulations are conducted at a Reynolds number of 2 100 based on the diameter D and the velocity of the steady uniform incoming flow. Though in all cases wake billows are shed in the regions where the separated shear layers(SSLs) forming on the sides of the porous cylinder interact, the effect of these wake billows on the mean drag is different. While in the high SVF case(21.5%), the total drag force oscillates quasi-regularly in time, similar to the canonical case of a large solid cylinder, in the cases with a lower SVF the shedding of the wake billows takes place sufficiently far from the cylinder such that the unsteady component of the total drag force is negligible. The mean amplitude of the oscillations of the drag force on the individual cylinders is the largest in a streamwise band centered around the center of the porous cylinder, where the wake to wake interactions are the strongest. In all cases the maximum drag force on the individual cylinders is the largest for the cylinders directly exposed to the flow, but this force is always smaller than the one induced on a small isolated cylinder and the average magnitude of the force on the cylinders directly exposed to the flow decreases monotonically with the increase in the SVF. Predictions of the global drag coefficients, Strouhal numbers associated with the wake vortex shedding and individual forces on the cylinders in the array from the present LES are in very good agreement with those of 2-D direct numerical simulations conducted on finer meshes, which suggests LES is a better option to numerically investigate flow in channels containing canopy patches, given that LES is computationally much less expensive than DNS at high Reynolds number. To prove this point, the paper also discusses results of 2-D LES conducted at a much higher Reynolds number, where the near-wake flow is strongly turbulent. For the higher Reynolds number cases, where the influence of the turbulence model is important, the effect of the sub-grid scale model and the predictive capabilities of the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) approach to predict flow past porous cylinders are discussed.     

Wake patterns of flow past a pair of circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangements at low Reynolds numbers

A flow past two side-by-side identical circular cylinders was numerically investigated with the unstructured spectral element method. From the computational results at various non-dimensional distances between cylinder centers T/D and the Reynolds number Re, a total of nine kinds of wake patterns were observed: four steady wake patterns, including single bluff-body steady pattern, separated double-body steady pattern and transition steady pattern for sub-critical Reynolds numbers and biased steady pattern for super-critical Reynolds numbers, and five unsteady wake patterns, including single bluff-body periodic pattern, biased quasi-steady pattern, quasi-periodic (flip-flopping) pattern, in-phase-synchronized pattern and anti-phase-synchronized pattern. Time evolution of lift and drag coefficients corresponding to each unsteady wake pattern was given.     

中等Reynolds数下并列方柱统流的数值模拟──MAC－AF1方法及其应用

本文通过采用ＭＡＣ－ＡＦ１方法求解原始变量二维不可压非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，对中等Ｒａｙｎｏｌｄｓ数绕流下的并列方柱绕流进行了数值模拟。通过对Ｒｅ＝３００、５００、１０００、２０００及间隙度为ｓ／ｈ＝２．３时并列方柱的数值计算表明：Ｒｅ数对横向力的变化频率毫无影响，恰好是单方柱绕流横向力变化频率的两倍。阻力的频率与横向力的频率相同，阻力的时间平均值基本上与Ｒｅ数无关，但随着Ｒｅ数的增大，阻力和横向力随时间变化的波动幅度稍微有所增加。本文计算的方柱阻力时间平均值和横向力的频率与实验值符合得很好。     

CALCULATION OF VISCOUS FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｌｏｗａｒｏｕｎｄａｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｃｙｌｉｎｄｅｒｉｓｖａｌｕａｂｌｅｉｎｏｉｌｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓｏｒｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｔｈａｔｒｅｌｙｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓｏｎｓｕｂｓｅａｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅｏｒｒｉｓｅｒｓｔｏｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｇａｓａｎｄｏｉｌｆｒｏｍｏｃｅａｎｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｌａｎｄｏｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ .Ｗｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｅｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓａｒｅｒｅｓｉｓ ｔａｎｔａｎｄｓｔａｂ…     

绕流流场无穷远处流函数边值条件的数值研究

利用流函数－涡量方程求解二维不可压缩低雷诺数绕圆柱流动，在与其它学者计算结果一致的情况下，本文数值研究了无穷远处流函数边值对圆柱定常绕流、圆柱起动流动以及非定常周期性卡门涡街形成的影响。本文计算了各种条件下绕圆柱的阻力系数、流函数涡量分布以及扰动流函数等。计算结果显示，对于定常绕流及圆柱起动流动，几种无穷无流函数边值条件求得的结果基本一致。对于非定常周期性圆柱绕流，不同的无穷远流函数边值条件对计算     

Experimental investigation of flow past a circular cylinder with hydrophobic coating

A series of experiments are performed in a gravitational low-speed water tunnel to investigate the influence of the hydrophobic coating on the flow past a circular cylinder. The mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles behind the cylinders are measured using the hot-film anemometer while the separation angles are obtained with the flow visualization technology. For the Reynolds number lower than 3 800, the hydrophobic coatings are in the Cassie state, the velocity deficit and the turbulence intensity in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders are lower than those of the smooth cylinders which implies the drag reduction effect of the hydrophobic coatings. When the Reynolds number becomes higher than 6 600, the hydrophobic coatings turn into the Wenzel state. Through decomposing the velocity data in the turbulent wake into different scales based on the orthogonal wavelet transform, it is found that the total turbulence intensity in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders becomes almost the same as in the wake of the smooth cylinders while the intensity of the large scales of vortex components in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders is still lower. Furthermore, the separation angles show the same trend as a function of the Reynolds number but always take smaller values for the hydrophobic cylinders.     

ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMICS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW AROUND WAVING PLATES

Hydrodynamic characteristics for two-dimensional flow around a waving plate are investigated. Under large Reynolds number approximation, the flow is assumed to be a combination of the outer potential flow and a thin vortex layer, which consists of a boundary layer and a shed free shear layer. A nonlinear mathematical formulation for describing the outer unsteady potential flow coupled with an unsteady boundary layer equation for the inner viscous flow adjacent to the waving plate is developed. A semi-analytical method with a nonlinear Kutta condition imposed at the trailing edge is used to solve the velocity field of the outer flow and the evolution of wake vortex induced by a large-amplitude waving plate. The unsteady boundary layer equation is solved by extending Pohlhausen’s method to its unsteady counterpart. The thrust and viscous drag coefficients, propulsive efficiency, and the pattern of wake vortex sheet are discussed.     

Vanishing of three-dimensionality in the wake behind a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder

The flow behind a three-dimensional rotationally oscillating circular cylinder was studied by a numerical method. The computations were performed at a Reynolds number of 260, which is at a level that the flow wake has developed into a three-dimensional state called Mode-B. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of various rotational amplitudes (0.1-0.7) on the wake instability of the flow, while the oscillation frequency is fixed to the value of that measured in the wake of a stationary cylinder. The results show that the rotation with sufficiently high amplitude brings the flow back to its nominal two-dimensional state. Moreover, it is found that the value of the time-averaged drag and the RMS value of the lift are larger than those of a stationary circular cylinder.     

THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO-PHASE SHEAR FLOW WITH LARGE DENSITY RATIOS

1. INTRODUCTION Fluids with interface or free surface have potential applications in the fields of geophysics, engineering, and applied physics. In nature, when wind blows over a sea surface in oceanography, breaking waves play a significant role in the t…     

矩形管道中平板障碍物后旋涡发射特性研究

通过理论推导及流动显示实验，研究了矩形管道中平板障碍物后旋涡发射频率及尾流特征。结果得到了旋涡发射频率与雷诺数、平板阻塞率之间的关系，特别是发现了在高阻塞率条件下，当雷诺数增至某个临界值时旋涡发射被抑制，以及尾流存在周期性旋涡发射和无明显周期性的回流区两种不同的流动状态。本文还分析了上述现象的流动机理，即尾流特性主要取决于两边的分离剪切流之间的相互作用。