Effects of Operating Parameters on the Static Properties ofPulsed Laser Welded Zinc-Coated Steel.

The paper presents an analysis of the influences of the dominant parameters of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser seam welding process on the static behaviour of the welds. These parameters include average peak power density (APPD), mean laser power, traverse speeds, pulse duration, and pulse shapes. Three typical temporal pulse types – ramp-up, ramp-down, and "rectangu-lar" power pulses were used in this study. Laser seam welds were produced in 0.7 mm thick electrogalvanised steel sheets. A number of destructive tests of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded zinc-coated steel sheet have been carried out to characterise the static properties of welds including hardness, bending strength, and ductility. An experimental study of acceptable welds revealed that the hardness was affected only by the traverse speed. The bend strength was increased with decreas-ing travel speed and increasing pulsed laser parameters. It was found that the operating parameters have no effect on the tensile strengths of the welds.     

用Nd:YAG激光焊接殷钢薄板材料

用Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为焊接热源,对殷钢材料Invar36分别进行了平板单道焊接试验和对焊试验,分析了工艺参数(激光功率、焊接速度、脉冲宽度和离焦量)变化对焊缝的表面形貌、熔宽以及熔透性的影响.检测了0.85 mm厚的殷钢薄板对焊接头的硬度、成分以及拉伸强度.结果表明:激光功率和脉宽是影响焊缝熔深、熔宽和热影响区面积的主要因素;扫描速度对焊缝表面的鱼鳞状条纹间距影响尤为明显;离焦量主要影响焊缝的宽度和熔透性;合理匹配工艺参数能够实现0.85 mm厚度薄板的对焊,并且获得形貌良好的焊缝.焊缝的组织成分没有发生明显变化,拉伸强度和基体强度相当,显微硬度略低于基体硬度.     

钢-铝异种合金脉冲激光焊焊缝表征分析

采用Nd:YAG激光焊对304不锈钢和5052铝合金进行异种金属焊接,分别以峰值功率、焊接速度、离焦量和脉冲频率等工艺参数设计24组工艺试验,并对比分析未熔合、熔合和焊穿3种焊缝表面表征。运用激光点位移传感器测量焊缝高度,探索焊缝高度随激光功率等工艺参数的变化趋势,得出钢-铝焊缝3种表面形貌的工艺参数区间。分析结果表明,焊缝的表面形貌是由激光单点能量、离焦量和脉冲频率等因素共同决定,焊缝高度与峰值功率、焊接速度、离焦量和脉冲频率等工艺参数有一定的变化规律。     

Nd:YAG激光+脉冲MAG电弧复合热源焊接参数对焊缝熔深的影响

试验研究Nd:YAG激光 脉冲MAG电弧复合热源焊接过程中焊接参数对焊缝熔深的影响.研究结果表明,复合热源焊缝熔深随电弧功率和激光功率的增大而增大,随焊接速度的增大而减小,并且在相同参数下,复合热源焊缝熔深稍大于激光焊缝熔深而显著大于脉冲MAG焊缝熔深.对于不同焊接电流,光丝间距在0～3 mm内复合热源焊缝取得最大熔深,且取得最大熔深的光丝间距与焊接电流大小有关;复合热源焊缝熔深在离焦量为2 mm时取得最大值.试验结果分析表明,在激光 电弧复合热源焊接过程中激光功率不仅决定复合热源焊缝熔深,而且可以极大地提高焊接速度:MAG电弧也可提高Nd:YAG激光焊的热效率.     

Gap-free lap welding of zinc-coated steel using pulsed CO2 laser

CO₂ laser welding of zinc-coated steel sheets in the lap configuration has been a major research effort for the automotive industry for many years. The introduction of a gap between the sheets is one way of solving the zinc gas explosion problem. However, this requires sophisticated clamping devices and spacer materials. A homogeneous gap is therefore difficult to realise in high volume production. This paper describes a simple but useful approach for CO₂ laser welding of zinc-coated steel sheets in the lap configuration. By using a gated pulse mode, a seam welding process is developed that allows zinc-coated materials to be welded in a gap-free, overlap configuration. Laser seam welds in the lap configuration were produced in 0.7 mm-thick steel sheet with 7 μm zinc coating on both sides. A number of pulsed CO₂ laser welding parameters, including peak power, duty cycle, travel speed, pulse repetition rate, and pulse energy, were identified. Furthermore, the effects of pulsed CO₂ laser welding parameters on weldability were also investigated. The study shows that through the proper selection of welding parameters, it is possible to produce visually sound welds where porosity is still unavoidably formed. It was observed that decreasing the welding speed could reduce the porosity within the visually sound welds.     

Microstructure and hardness of Al-Mg-Si weldments produced by pulse GTA welding

This paper describes the effects of pulsed TIG welding process parameters (pulse duration, peak current, and pulse frequency) on the microstructure and microhardness of Al-0.8%Mg-0.5%Si (6061) alloys. It was observed that pulse TIG welding produced finer grain structure of weld metal than conventional TIG welding (without arc pulsation). An increase in the pulse frequency has been found to refine the aluminium and eutectic grain structure of weld metal especially when welding is done using short pulse duration. Long pulse duration lowers the pulse frequency up to which refinement of constituents in weld metal takes place. Effect of the pulse frequency on the grain structure was found to be determined by pulse duration. For a given pulse frequency, long pulse duration produced a coarser structure than short pulse duration. An increase in the peak current coarsened the grain structure.     

Optimization of pulsed GTA welding process parameters for the welding of AISI 304L stainless steel sheets

Optimization of pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (pulsed GTAW) process parameters was carried out to obtain optimum weld bead geometry with full penetration in welding of stainless steel (304L) sheets of 3 mm thickness. Autogenuous welding with square butt joint was employed. Design of experiments based on central composite rotatable design was employed for the development of a mathematical model correlating the important controllable pulsed GTAW process parameters like pulse current (I _p), pulse current duration (T _p), and welding speed (S) with weld bead parameters such as penetration, bead width (W), aspect ratio (AR), and weld bead area of the weld. The developed models were checked for adequacy based on ANOVA analysis and accuracy of prediction by conducting a confirmation test. Weld bead parameters predicted by the models were found to confirm observed values with high accuracy. Using these models, the main and interaction effects of pulsed GTAW process parameters on weld bead parameters were studied and discussed. Optimization of pulsed GTAW process parameters was carried out to obtain optimum bead geometry using the developed models. A quasi-Newton numerical optimization technique was used to solve the optimization problem and the results of the optimization are presented.     

Nd:YAG激光焊接殷钢薄板材料的工艺研究

利用Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为焊接热源,对殷钢材料Invar36分别进行了平板单道焊接试验和对焊试验,分析了工艺参数（激光功率、焊接速度、脉冲宽度和离焦量）变化对焊缝的表面形貌、熔宽以及熔透性的影响。对0.85mm厚度的殷钢薄板对焊接头的硬度和成分的变化以及拉伸强度进行了检测。结果表明：激光功率和脉宽是影响焊缝熔深、熔宽和热影响区大小的主要因素;扫描速度对焊缝表面的鱼鳞状条纹间距影响尤为明显;离焦量主要影响焊缝的宽度和熔透性;合理匹配工艺参数能够实现0.85mm厚度薄板对焊,并且获得形貌良好的焊缝。焊缝的组织成分没有发生明显变化,拉伸强度和基体的相当,显微硬度略低于基体硬度。     

大功率盘形激光焊焊缝背面宽度预测

提出了通过视觉传感获取焊接过程中的焊接特征信息并利用神经网络模型预测焊缝背面宽度的方法。利用大功率盘形激光器焊接了低碳钢SS400焊件,在焊接过程中改变焊接功率、焊接速度和焊接路径,并利用两台高速摄像机同步获取焊件正面和侧面出现的焊接特征信息。对获取的图像进行色彩空间转换、分层、滤波去噪和空域图像处理,提取飞溅、熔池和金属蒸气等焊接特征信息,观察焊接路径对各个特征的影响。最后,建立了一个三层的LMBP(LevenbergMarquardt Back Propagation)神经网络模型,将提取的特征信息作为输入量,预测焊缝的背面宽度。结果显示:当熔透不稳定或出现未熔透状态时,LMBP神经网络拟合度大于0.83,最大训练误差均值为0.002 8mm,最大实际误差均值为0.225 6mm。试验结果表明所建立的预测模型具有良好的准确性和稳定性。     

活性激光电弧复合焊接法研究

为了进一步提高激光电弧复合焊接的熔深,提出活性激光电弧复合焊接法。在氧气的保护下,用小功率光纤激光在待焊焊件表面进行预熔处理,使表面熔化生成一层氧化层,然后用激光电弧复合焊接覆盖氧化层,达到增加熔深的目的。结果表明,激光预熔后进行激光电弧复合焊接,电弧明显收缩,熔深增加1.5倍左右,表面成形良好。激光预熔后,焊缝含氧量增加,熔池表面张力温度系数由负变正,使得复合焊接熔深增加。研究工艺参数对焊缝熔深和熔宽的影响,随着激光预熔功率的增加,熔深增加熔宽减小;随着电流的增加,熔深熔宽都增加,但激光预熔后的焊道增加更快。随着复合焊接速度的增加,熔深和熔宽都减小。随着复合焊接中激光功率的增加,熔深增加,对熔宽的影响较小。利用活性激光电弧复合焊接法,可以得到较为细小的焊缝组织,提高焊接接头的抗拉强度,能达到母材抗拉强度的95%,且面弯和背弯180°后未出现裂纹,表明接头具有良好的韧性。     

Multisensor-based monitoring of weld deposition and plate distortion for various torch angles in pulsed MIG welding

Manufacturing companies often fail to maintain good weld quality due to poor arc stability and distortion after welding. Weld quality can be improved by reducing the transverse shrinkage and the angular distortion in butt welding. The welding deposition efficiency is also an important economic factor. In this work, various pulse voltage parameters have been varied along with welding torch angle in pulsed metal inert gas (P-MIG) welding. The experimental results revealed that the peak voltage is the dominant pulse voltage parameter. Various sensors were also used to monitor arc current, arc voltage, arc sound, and also weld temperature. A strong relationship between arc sound (as well as arc power) and transverse distortion (as well as metal deposition) was found to exist in P-MIG welding. The frequency domain features of welding arc sound were also extracted and correlated to the process characteristics.     

微波组件用硅铝合金的激光封焊工艺研究

对微波组件用硅铝合金的激光封焊工艺开展研究,分析了焊接工艺参数对焊缝组织形貌的影响,并结合有限元仿真,分析了焊接面结构对焊接热裂纹的影响。结果表明:激光峰值功率和脉宽对焊缝形貌和熔深有显著影响;焊接热应力集中在壳体一侧,当焊缝中心距离壳体边缘较远时,容易产生焊接热裂纹。通过对焊接参数的优化和焊接面结构的改进,获得了封装体积大于10 cm³的微波组件,气密性稳定在10^-9 Pa·m³/s量级水平,满足GJB 360方法112中条件C的要求。     

Multiresponse optimization of laser welding of stainless steels in a constrained fillet joint configuration using RSM

This paper presents experimental design approach to process parameter optimization for CW Nd/YAG laser welding of ferritic/austenitic stainless steels in a constrained fillet configuration. To determine the optimal welding parameters, response surface methodology was used to develop a set of mathematical models relating the welding parameters to each of the weld characteristics. The quality criteria considered to determine the optimal settings were the maximization of weld resistance length and shearing force, and the minimization of weld radial penetration. Laser power, welding speed, and incident angle are the factors that affect the weld bead characteristics significantly. A rapid decrease in weld shape factor and increase in shearing force with the line energy input in the range of 15–17 kJ/m depicts the establishment of a keyhole regime. A focused beam with laser power and welding speed respectively in the range of 860–875 W and 3.4–4.0 m/min and an incident angle of around 12° were identified as the optimal set of laser welding parameters to obtain stronger and better welds.     

Prediction of metal deposition from arc sound and weld temperature signatures in pulsed MIG welding

The weld deposition efficiency is an important economic factor like productivity and weld quality in gas metal arc welding (GMAW). There is a strong relationship between arc sound signals and arc stability (or deposition efficiency) in GMAW. In this work, the variation of weld deposition efficiency with various pulse parameters in pulsed metal inert gas welding was investigated. The arc sound signal along with current and voltage signals were acquired and analyzed in time domain as well as in frequency domain. The sound signal kurtosis and arc power were found to be highly correlated with welding process stability. The weld deposition efficiency was also related to weld surface peak temperature. Finally, an attempt was made to correlate the sound time domain as well as frequency domain features of sound signal with the deposition efficiency. The variation of pulse shape with the duty factor also influenced the deposition efficiency as evidenced by in fast Fourier transform analysis.     

铝合金MIG+激光复合焊接工艺研究

研究轻量化轿车用3A21铝合金M IG 激光复合焊接工艺,探讨工艺参数对焊缝成型的影响规律及激光与电弧的复合作用。试验结果表明,采用M IG 激光复合焊接工艺可以显著提高熔深和焊速,达到采用小功率激光焊机实现铝合金的激光焊接。在比较宽的工艺参数范围内M IG YAG激光复合焊接铝合金具有焊缝成型美观等优点,熔深和焊速均显著提高,大大提高生产率。     

基于周期平均值外特性的脉冲MIG焊弧长稳定性研究

通过对脉冲熔化极惰性气体保护(Metal inert gas,MIG)焊脉冲平均电流电压变化率的计算,提出脉冲周期平均值外特性曲线,并对弧焊电源脉冲周期平均值外特性曲线和电弧静态性曲线的动态稳定工作点进行详细分析,得出利用脉冲平均值外特性控制脉冲MIG焊的控制策略。同时运用双闭环控制实现了基于弧压反馈的I/I模式控制数字化弧焊电源,此电源能在送丝速度稳定情况下自适应弧长扰动变化,实现脉冲弧焊过程一脉一滴熔滴过渡。通过弧长阶跃试验表明,脉冲弧焊过程中焊丝熔化速度快速跟踪弧长变化,具有良好的弧长动态调节性能,保持弧长动态稳定,即焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形良好,同时验证了分析过程正确性和设计过程的可行性。     

不锈钢板激光光束摆动叠焊工艺研究

采用光纤激光器和D50摆动激光头进行不锈钢板激光叠焊工艺研究,分析了5种激光光束摆动方式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响规律,并对直线形光束摆动方式下的焊接工艺参数进行了优化。研究结果表明：相对于常规激光焊接,5种激光光束摆动方式焊接均能有效增大叠焊板结合面熔宽,并可抑制焊缝气孔的产生。在直线形光束摆动方式下,随着激光功率增大或焊接速度减小,焊缝熔深和结合面宽度均增大;随着摆动频率增大,熔深则相应减小;随着摆动振幅增大,焊缝截面形状由丁字形向椭圆形、梯形转变。当激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量、摆动振幅和摆动频率分别为3 kW、2.4 m/min、5 mm、1.5 mm和300 Hz时可获得成形好、气孔较少、剪切强度较高的叠焊接头。     

激光焊接速度对热轧钢板焊缝质量的影响

测量了激光对接焊后热轧钢板正背表面焊缝宽度，分析了激光焊的焊接速度对热轧钢板焊缝成形和质量的影响。结果表明：只有采用合适的离焦量，才有可能获得较好的焊缝成形质量。在激光焊接功率6kW、离焦量－1．5mm等参数下焊接3mm厚的钢板时，激光焊接速度最佳值为3900mm／min。     

低功率激光诱导电弧复合焊接钛合金薄板工艺研究

采用低功率脉冲YAG激光诱导非熔化极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊电弧复合热源实现了1 mm厚TC4钛合金薄板的优质焊接,研究激光诱导电弧复合焊接过程中热源能量匹配、热源间角度、对接间隙对焊缝成形的影响规律。结果表明,钛合金薄板低功率脉冲YAG激光诱导TIG电弧复合热源焊接过程中,激光能量与电弧能量之间的相互匹配将显著影响焊缝的表面成形。相对于电弧功率的变化,焊缝成形对激光功率变化的敏感度更高。随着热源间角度减小,激光诱导电弧复合热源传热能力增强;由于复合焊接速度快、热输入小、焊接试板横向变形小,当对接间隙为0~0.5 mm范围内时均能获得良好的焊缝成形。为了使焊缝成形均匀连续,焊接过程中需要对焊缝背面采用氩气进行保护,当保护气体流量为5~8L/min时获得最佳焊接接头。     

Understanding the process parameter interactions in multiple-pass ultra-narrow-gap laser welding of thick-section stainless steels

In laser welding, typical welding penetration depths are in the order of 1–2 mm/kW laser power. The multipass laser welding technique, based on the narrow-gap approach, is an emerging welding technology that can be applied to thick-section welds by using relatively low laser power, but the process is more complicated since it is necessary to introduce filler wire to narrow-gap weld configurations. The aim of this work was to understand significant process parameters and their interactions in order to control the weld quality in ultra-narrow-gap (1.5 mm gap width) laser welding of AISI grade 316L stainless steel. A 1-kW IPG single-mode fiber laser was used for welding plates that were 5 to 20 mm in thickness using the multiple-pass narrow-gap approach. Design of experiments and statistical modelling techniques were employed to understand and optimise the processing parameters. The effects of laser power, wire feed rate, and welding speed on the weld homogeneity, integrity, bead shape, gap bridgability and surface oxidation were studied. The results were evaluated under different optimising constraints. The results show that the models developed in this work can effectively predict the responses within the factors domain.