Analysis of Parallel Algorithms for Matrix Chain Product and Matrix Powers on Distributed Memory Systems

Given N matrices A₁, A_2,...,A_N of size NtimesN, the matrix chain product problem is to compute A₁timesA₂times...timesA_N. Given an NtimesN matrix A, the matrix powers problem is to calculate the first N powers of A, that is, A, A², A³,..., A^N. We solve the two problems on distributed memory systems (DMSs) with p processors that can support one-to-one communications in T(p) time. Assume that the fastest sequential matrix multiplication algorithm has time complexity O(N^alpha), where the currently best value of a is less than 2.3755. Let p be arbitrarily chosen in the range 1lesplesN^alpha+1/(log N)². We show that the two problems can be solved by a DMS with p processors in T_chain(N,p)=O((N^alpha+1/p)+T(p))((N^2(2+1/alpha/p^2/alpha)(log+p/N)^1-2/alpha+log+((p log N)/N^alpha)) and T_power (N,p)=O(N^alpha+1/p+T(p)((N^2(1+1/alpha)/p^2/alpha)(log+p/2 log N)^1-2/alpha+(log N)²))) times, respectively, where the function log+ is defined as follows: log+ x=log x if xges1 and log+ x=1 if 0相似文献   

Synchronization and communication overheads on the LCAP multiple FPS-164 computer system

LCAP comprises an IBM-4381 host communicating with ten FPS-164 computers over I/O channels which have a measured effective transfer rate of about 2 Mbyte/s to each FPS-164. The FPS-164s may also communicate directly over a 22 Mbyte/s FPSBUS. This paper reports measurements of the startup overhead associated with these two methods of synchronization and communication as a function of the number of FPS-164 processors used. The significance of the overheads is interpreted in terms of the parameters f_1/2 (floating-point operations per data transfer for half the peak performance), and (grain size of parallelized problem for half the asymptotic performance). For channel communication f_1/2 = 2 and s_1/2 = 2 × 10³ to 4 × 10⁵. For FPSBUS communication f_1/2 = 0.5 to 2.5 and . Although the FPSBUS has about ten times the asymptotic transfer rate of a single channel, the startup time is longer than that of the channels and can hide this advantage unless the problem is large enough. Further, since the channels from the host to the FPS-164s work in parallel, their total transfer rate can exceed that of the FPSBUS for about ten FPS-164 processors or more. In this circumstance, we speculate that the channel connection would be faster than the FPSBUS for all problems. However, the LCAP system available did not have enough channels to test this directly.     

基于SPOT5遥感影像丰宁县植被地上生物量估测研究

利用SPOT5遥感影像数据和同期获得的野外调查样地数据,基于按植被类型分类估测的方法,研究了河北省丰宁满族自治县植被地上生物量的遥感估测技术。研究结果显示,SPOT5影像的4个波段反射率和中红外植被指数(VI3)结合建立的多元回归模型,可用于森林生物量的遥感估测,估测的R2值达0.540,说明中红外波段信息提高森林生物量的估测精度有一定作用;通过分析样地生物量与多种植被指数的相关性发现,基于比值植被指数(RVI)的指数回归模型是灌丛生物量估测的最佳模型,估测的R2值达0.711,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的简单线性回归模型为估测草地生物量的最佳模型,R2值达0.790。利用2008年的全覆盖SPOT5影像,获得了丰宁县2008年植被地上生物量分布图,除农田植被外,全县地上生物总量为3.706×107 t,单位面积生物量平均为51.223t/hm2,其中,森林植被总生物量为3.578×107 t,灌丛植被总生物量为1.048×106 t,草地植被总生物量为2.277×105 t。     

Design of Ecological Compensation Scheme for River Basin based on Remote Sensing Data

A key problem is clarifying the relationship between compensation standard and the supply of additional ecosystem services in the study of ecological compensation.Focusing on the Gansu section of the Weihe River Basin,the specific target of ecological compensation is going to increase the soil conservation capacity.We will compensate people who have marginal farmland when the slope is more than 25°.Based on social and economic survey data and remote sensing data,we used minimum\| data approaches to simulate ecological compensation standards,then used InVEST model to simulate the results,analyze the potential of increased ecosystem service,and choose the best forest species after turn marginal farmland into forests.In the end,analyze additional ecosystem services in different compensation standards.The solution is that each county /district can select the best forest when turn marginal farmland of the slope is more than 25°,which can maximum add soil conservation quantity.Weiyuan County and Longxi County can plant evergreen coniferous forest,that newly add soil conservation quantity are 144×10⁴ t and 63.04×10⁴ t per hectare each year,the amount of compensation is 506.67×10⁴ CNY and 686.7×10⁴ CNY each year.The added soil conservation quantity is 1 152.00 t and 504.32 t in eight years.      

Spatially referenced methods of processing raster and vector data

The authors consider a general method of constructing addressing and arithmetic systems for two-dimensional image data using the hierarchy of ‘molecular’ tilings based on an original isohedral ‘atomic’ tiling. (Each molecular title at level k is formed from a constant number of tiles at level k−1; this is termed the ‘aperture’ property of the hierarchy.) In addition they present 11 objective criteria (which are of significance in cartographic image processing), by which these hierarchies and tilings may be described and compared.

Of the 11 topologically distinct types of isohedral tiling, three ([3⁶], [4⁴] and [6³]) are composed of regular polygons, and two of these ([3⁶] and[4⁴]) satisfy the condition that all tiles have the same ‘orientation’. In general, although each level in a hierarchy is topologically equivalent, the tiles may differ in shape at different levels and only [6³], [4⁴], [4.8²] and [4.6.12] are capable of giving rise to hierarchies in which the tiles at all levels are the same shape. The possible apertures of hierarchies obeying this condition are n² (for any n > 1)in the cases of [6³] and [4⁴]; n² or 2n² in the case of [4.8²]; and n² or 3n² in the case of [4.6.12].

In contrast the only tiling exhibiting the uniform ‘adjacency’ criterion is[3⁶]. However, hierarchies based on this atomic tiling generate molecular tiles with different shapes at every level. If these disadvantages are accepted, hierarchies based on first-level molecular tiles referred to as the 4-shape, 4′-shape, 7-shape and 9-shape are generated. Of these the 4-shape and the 9-shape appear to satisfy many of the cartographically desirable properties in addition to having an atomic tiling which exhibits uniform adjacency.

In recent years the generalized balanced ternary addressing system has been developed to exploit the image processing power of the 7-shape. The authors have generalized and extended this system as ‘tesseral addressing and arithmetic’, showing how it can be used to render a 4-shape into a spatially correct linear quadtree.     

面向智慧小镇建设的机房电气管线多目标优化布置方法

常规的管线布置优化方法难以在优化过程中得到全局搜索的最优解,导致安全性能无法得到保障,因此面向智慧小镇建设设计一个新的机房电气管线多目标优化布置方法。设置电气管线约束条件,将电压均值、单位时间内电流量、电气管线损耗恢复能力作为目标函数。优化管线布置全局搜索,使用交叉操作的方式不断得到更优解。建立多目标优化电气管线模型,得到电气管线多目标优化的数学模型。通过实验数据可知,该管线布置方法在算法测试中优于常规的3种算法,且在安全性能的检测中只与标准最优值相差6.22×10⁴,3个常规方法与标准最优值的差距为6.813×10⁴、7.6×10⁴、8.32×10⁴,因此可知该多目标优化的管线布置方法可以得到更优解。     

Flow over a bluff body from moderate to high Reynolds numbers using large eddy simulation

Large eddy simulation (LES) is performed to study the uniform approach flow over a square-section cylinder with different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 10³ to 5 × 10⁶. Two different sub-grid scale models, the Smagorinsky and a dynamic one-equation model, are employed. An incompressible finite-volume code, based on a non-staggered grid arrangement and an implicit fractional step method with second-order accuracy in space and time, is used.

The structure of the flow is studied with the instantaneous and the mean quantities such as pressure, turbulent stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, vorticity, the second invariant of velocity gradient and streamlines. The Strouhal number, the mean and RMS values of the lift and drag are computed for various Reynolds numbers, which show a good agreement with the available experimental results. It is found that the effect of Reynolds number on the global quantities, the mean and the large scale instantaneous flow-structures is not much at the higher Reynolds numbers, i.e. Re > 2 × 10⁴. In this range of Reynolds numbers, the small scales of the instantaneous structures are more complex and chaotic as they compare with the larger ones.     

Thermal conductivity of doped polysilicon layers

The thermal conductivities of doped polysilicon layers depend on grain size and on the concentration and type of dopant atoms. Previous studies showed that layer processing conditions strongly influence the thermal conductivity, but the effects of grain size and dopant concentration were not investigated in detail. The current study provides thermal conductivity measurements for low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition (LPCVD) polysilicon layers of thickness near 1 μm doped with boron and phosphorus at concentrations between 2.0×10¹⁸ cm^-3 and 4.1×10¹⁹ cm^-3 for temperatures from 20 K to 320 K. The data show strongly reduced thermal conductivity values at all temperatures compared to similarly doped single-crystal silicon layers, which indicates that grain boundary scattering dominates the thermal resistance. A thermal conductivity model based on the Boltzmann transport equation reveals that phonon transmission through the grains is high, which accounts for the large phonon mean free paths at low temperatures. Algebraic expressions relating thermal conductivity to grain size and dopant concentration are provided for room temperature. The present results are important for the design of MEMS devices in which heat transfer in polysilicon is important     

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of XPL Programs

One use of performance measurement techniques is in the study of operational characteristics of programs written in high-level programming languages. Information derived from such studies can be used to construct benchmark programs and synthetic workloads,^1,2detect inefficiencies in programming language implementation, and suggest possible improvements in the design of computers.^3,9,10Our main interest is in the latter area: the discovery of primitive operations, implied by the semantics of a programming language, that can be added to the firmware or hardware of a computer to improve overall system performance. These computer architecture optimization techniques have been applied in several studies^3,9and have been used commercially to design efficient pseudo machines for the Burroughs B1700.^10,12     

Fabrication of ultrathin p++ silicon microstructuresusing ion implantation and boron etch-stop

This paper discusses the fabrication of submicron p⁺⁺ silicon microstructures for a number of MEMS applications using boron ion implantation, rapid thermal annealing, and boron etch-stop. To form these thin structures, the silicon is implanted with boron at an energy of 40 keV and doses of 5×10¹⁵ cm^-2 and 7×10¹⁵ cm^-2, which produce a peak concentration of more than 10²⁰ cm^-3, sufficient for achieving an effective etch-stop in ethylene diamine pyrocathecol. The thickness of the p⁺⁺ layer varies from 0.2 to 0.3 μm depending on the annealing time and temperature. SUPREM simulation has been used to determine optimum implantation and annealing conditions. A number of microstructures, including thin silicon diaphragms as large as 2 mm on a side and 0.2 μm thick, hot wire anemometers with a temperature coefficient of resistance of ~1600 ppm/°C, and piezoresistive sound detectors, have been fabricated with high reproducibility, uniformity, and yield     

Application of the independent molecule model to elucidate the dynamics of structure I methane hydrate

Raman spectroscopy has exhibited the C–H stretch (A₁ mode) frequency ν₁ of hydrated methanes at 2915 cm⁻¹ for the 5¹² cage and 2905 cm⁻¹ for the 5¹²6² cage. These values are lower than the frequency of 2916.5 cm⁻¹ in gaseous methane. In this paper, we theoretically examine the Raman spectra observed in methane hydrate by normal mode analysis using the independent molecule model. By a breakdown of the symmetry, the four frequencies in modes A₁, E, T₂ and T₂ observed in gaseous methane are separated into nine frequencies in the hydrate. It is necessary to consider the anharmonic potential energy within methane and hydrogen bonding between methane hydrogen and water oxygen in order to get a result in qualitative agreement with experiment. The frequency in the 5¹²6² cage is shifted downward in comparison to the one in 5¹², and the frequencies in the both cages are also shifted downward compared with the frequencies in gas. Calculations are also reported for the isotopic methane (CD₄, ¹³CH₄) hydrates.     

基于MILP搜索的ANU算法积分分析

ANU算法是由Bansod等人发表在SCN 2016上的一种超轻量级的Feistel结构的分组密码算法。截至目前,没有人提出针对该算法的积分攻击。为了研究ANU算法抗积分攻击的安全性,根据ANU算法的结构建立起基于比特可分性的MILP模型。对该模型进行求解,首次得到ANU算法的9轮积分区分器;利用搜索到的9轮区分器以及轮密钥之间的相关性,对128 bit密钥长度的ANU算法进行12轮密钥恢复攻击,能够恢复43 bit轮密钥。该攻击的数据复杂度为2^63.58个选择明文,时间复杂度为2^88.42次12轮算法加密,存储复杂度为2³³个存储单元。     

Rational ℒ1 suboptimal compensators forcontinuous-time systems

The persistent disturbance rejection problem (ℒ¹ optimal control) for continuous time-systems leads to nonrational compensators, even for single input/single output systems. As noted in Dahleh and Pearson (1987), the difficulty of physically implementing these controllers suggests that the most significant application of the continuous time ℒ¹ theory is to furnish achievable performance bounds for rational controllers. In this paper the authors use the theory of positively invariant sets to provide a design procedure, based upon the use of the discrete Euler approximating system, for suboptimal rational ℒ¹ controllers with a guaranteed cost. The main results of the paper show that (i) the ℒ ¹ norm of a continuous-time system is bounded above by the l ¹ norm of an auxiliary discrete-time system obtained by using the transformation z=1+rs and (ii) the proposed rational compensators yield ℒ¹ cost arbitrarily close to the optimum, even in cases where the design procedure proposed in the above mentioned paper fails due to the existence of plant zeros on the stability boundary     

An engineering economy expression analyzer

Students and practitioners of engineering economy are faced with the unenviable task of evaluating engineering economy expressions. If the example expression: 1000 ^* (P/F,10,5) − 500 ^* (P/F,6,20) + 100 ^* (P/A,8,20) were solved manually, it would require three table look-ups to determine the values of the cash flow factors.

This paper discusses the automation of engineering economy expression analysis. A public domain program has been developed that solves engineering economy expressions. The above expression can be entered into the program exactly as written, and the computer will respond with the evaluated result. The program also has an integral editor and the ability to solve for unknowns such as interest rates.     

Prior learning and Gibbs reaction-diffusion

This article addresses two important themes in early visual computation: it presents a novel theory for learning the universal statistics of natural images, and, it proposes a general framework of designing reaction-diffusion equations for image processing. We studied the statistics of natural images including the scale invariant properties, then generic prior models were learned to duplicate the observed statistics, based on minimax entropy theory. The resulting Gibbs distributions have potentials of the form U(I; Λ, S)=Σ_α=1^kΣ_x,yλ ^(α)((F^(α)*I)(x,y)) with S={F⁽¹⁾ , F⁽²⁾,...,F^(K)} being a set of filters and Λ={λ⁽¹⁾(),λ⁽²⁾(),...,λ ^(K)()} the potential functions. The learned Gibbs distributions confirm and improve the form of existing prior models such as line-process, but, in contrast to all previous models, inverted potentials were found to be necessary. We find that the partial differential equations given by gradient descent on U(I; Λ, S) are essentially reaction-diffusion equations, where the usual energy terms produce anisotropic diffusion, while the inverted energy terms produce reaction associated with pattern formation, enhancing preferred image features. We illustrate how these models can be used for texture pattern rendering, denoising, image enhancement, and clutter removal by careful choice of both prior and data models of this type, incorporating the appropriate features     

Phase change process with free convection in a circular enclosure: numerical simulations

A numerical study of unsteady natural convection flow during freezing of water in a circular enclosure is presented. Mathematical model for phase change is based on apparent capacity method formulation and the governing equations are discretized on a fixed grid by means of finite element method. Water’s temperature is initially higher than its freezing temperature. Then, the temperature of the enclosure’s boundary is dropped to a temperature lower than freezing temperature. Ice forms at the enclosure boundary while natural convection flow is induced in the liquid region. Calculations have been made for the rate of change of solid fraction and temperature distributions, for conduction and conduction plus convection modes of heat transfer, and density inversion near freezing temperature phenomenon of water is considered. High resolution capturing of solid/liquid moving boundary as well as the details of flow structure is presented. The results indicate that the effect of natural convection is dominant over conduction if the Rayleigh number is higher than 5 × 10⁶ and relatively insignificant if the Rayleigh number is less than 1 × 10⁶.     

Embedding of complete binary trees into meshes with row-columnrouting

This paper considers the problem of embedding complete binary trees into meshes using the row-column routing and obtained the following results: a complete binary tree with 2^p-1 nodes can be embedded (1) with link congestion one into a ⁹/₈√(2^p)×⁹/ ₈√(2^p) mesh when p is even and a √( ⁹/₈2^p)×√(⁹/ ₈2^p) mesh when p is odd, and (2) with link congestion two into a √(2^p)×√(2^p) mesh when p is even, and a √(2^p-1)×√(2^p-1) mesh when p is odd     

Thick films of copper-titanate resistive humidity sensor

The humidity-sensitive TiO₂-Cu₂O-Na₂O thick films were prepared by screen printing on alumina substrates and subsequent firing. Pastes for screen printing were obtained by adding an organic vehicle and binder to TiO₂-Cu₂O-Na₂CO₃ powders. The microstructure of the films changed with the content of the sodium oxide and the firing temperatures. When the resistance characteristics of the sensors obtained from TiO₂-Cu₂O-Na₂O, 10-2-1 were measured, the resistance changed linearly in its semi-logarithmic graph. The resistance varied from 10⁷ to 10⁴ Ω between 20 and 95%RH, which was required for a common humidity sensor. Temperature dependence, frequency dependence and response time were also measured and estimated.     

Correctness of concurrent processes

A new notion of correctness for concurrent processes is introduced and investigated. It is a relationship P sat S between process terms P built up from operators of CCS [24], CSP [18] and COSY [20] and logical formulas S specifying sets of finite communication sequences as in [38]. The definition of P sat S is based on a Petri net semantics for process terms [27]. The main point is that P sat S requires a simple liveness property of the net denoted by P. This implies that P is divergence free and externally deterministic. Process correctness P sat S determines a new semantic model for process terms and logical formulas. It is a modification ^* of the readiness semantics [28] which is fully abstract with respect to the relation P sat S. The model ^* abstracts from the concurrent behaviour of process terms and certain aspects of their internal activity. In ^* process correctness P sat S boils down to semantic equality: ^*P = ^*S. The modified readiness equivalence is closely related to failure equivalence [7] and strong testing equivalence [9].     

基于GOCI卫星的大气细颗粒物PM2.5的遥感反演及其时空分布规律研究

随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,大气细颗粒物PM_2.5已经成为影响我国大气环境污染的主要因素之一。利用静止卫星数据可以获取大范围的面状PM_2.5信息,为我国大气环境的监测、治理、预测等提供了不可替代的数据源。以江苏省为研究区,利用静止卫星GOCI数据,在反演逐时气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的基础上,结合气象因子,利用多元统计分析进行了研究区PM_2.5的遥感反演研究。结果表明：基于AOD的多元统计模型,在估计的PM_2.5浓度和观测值之间表现出良好的一致性,拟合度R ²为0.665 2。在对AOD进行湿度订正后得到的dry AOD进行多元统计建模,预测的PM_2.5浓度与观测值之间的拟合度R ²达到了0.702 6,证明了经过湿度订正后的“干”AOD与PM_2.5之间建立的关系更加可靠。使用GOCI反演的AOD计算PM_2.5浓度,在空间分辨率和时间分辨率上充分体现了GOCI作为静止卫星监测PM_2.5的优势。在空间分分辨率上,基于GOCI卫星获取AOD的空间分辨率为500 m,优于MODIS 10 km的AOD产品;时间分辨率上,基于GOCI获取AOD实现每日自9:00~16:00逐小时监测,优于MODIS每日两次的AOD产品。