Motion and Detachment Behaviors of Liquid Inclusion at Molten Steel–Slag Interfaces

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The fundamental physics of particles adsorbed at the liquid interfaces has numerous applications in a wide field. In the current study, the motion and...     

Effect of Cerium on Structure and Properties of Granular Bainitic Steel

ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＣｅｒｉｕｍｏｎＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆＧｒａｎｕｌａｒＢａｉｎｉｔｉｃＳｔｅｅｌ￥ＷａｎｇＦｕｍｉｎｇ（王福明），ＬｉＪｉｎｈｕｉ（李景慧），ＨａｎＱｉｙｏｎｇ（韩其勇）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｈｙｓｉｃ...     

Effect of the Intercritical Annealing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of 10 Pct Mn Multi-phase Steel

Intercritically annealed 10 pct Mn steel has been shown to exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility due to the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms of mechanical twinning and strain-induced martensite transformation occurring in sequence. This mechanical behavior is only achieved for a multi-phase microstructure obtained after annealing within a specific intercritical temperature range. A model for the selection of the optimal intercritical annealing temperature was developed to achieve a high strength-ductility balance for 10 pct Mn multi-phase steel. The model considers the room temperature stacking fault energy and the thermodynamic stability of the retained austenite.     

Effect of Cr–Mo Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Carbon Steel

Herein, the effects of Chromium–Molybdenum (Cr–Mo) addition on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel after spheroidization annealing are systematically studied through scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and tensile testing. Cr–Mo addition hinders the proeutectoid ferrite + pearlite transformation, thereby promoting the bainite transformation. Moreover, it refines the pearlite lamellar spacing as well as decreases the average carbide diameter, increases the number of carbides per unit area, and hinders ferrite recrystallization. Compared with those in the B1 steel annealed for 8 h, the size of carbides and their number per unit area in the CM1 steel are 30% lower and 2.2-fold higher, respectively. Due to finer ferrite grains, smaller carbides, and a higher amount of carbides, the strength of steel improves, and the plasticity slightly reduces after Cr–Mo addition. After 2 h of annealing, the yield strengths of Cr–Mo steels are 77.5–109.5 MPa higher than those of base steels; the elongations are above 20%. The contributions of the strengthening mechanism of steel to the yield strength are as follows (from high to low): grain boundary, precipitation, solid solution, and dislocation strengthening.     

Effect of Rare Earths on Properties of BNbRE Rail Steel

The development and properties of BNbRE rail steel and the effect of RE on rail steel were studied. The results show that the properties of rail steel (δb ≥980 MPa, δ5≥ 8 % ) can be improved by adding RE and niobium and adjusting the content of C, Si and Mn in steel. At the same time, the abrasion resistance, contact fatigue and fatigue property of BNbRE rail steel are excellent. It also shows that RE in rail steel has the functions of purifying steel, modifying inclusion and micro-alloy action effect. The improved steel-making process enhances the quality of molten steel. Although the content of RE is low, excellent properties of BNbRE rail steel are achieved.     

Numerical Prediction on the Flow Field of Molten Steel and the Trajectory of Inclusion in Continuous Casting Mold Effected by Electromagnetic Field

Ｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｔｅｅｌｂｉｌｅｔｉｓｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｆｉｅｌｄｉｎｍｏｌｄ．Ｗｈｅｎｍｏｌｔｅｎｓｔｅｅｌｗｉｔｈｎｏｎ－ｍｅｔａｌｉｃｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｉｓｐｏｕｒｅｄｉｎｔｏｍｏｌｄ，ｓｔｅｅｌｊｅｔｕｓ...     

Effect of the Removal of a Surface Layer on the Mechanical Properties and the Static Stress–Strain Curves of an Austenitic–Martensitic Sheet TRIP Steel

The influence of the removal of a surface layer with a high strain-induced martensite content on the mechanical properties and the shape of stress–strain curves of austenitic–martensitic VNS9-Sh TRIP steel is studied by room-temperature tests. The removal of a surface layer 5–20 μm thick by electropolishing is shown not to decrease the mechanical properties of this steel and not to change the shape of its stress–strain curves, which have a developed yield plateau. This effect can be related to the presence of a long (up to 1%) stage of microyield in this steel. The existence of a yield plateau in the stress–strain curves of VNS9-Sh steel in the initial state and after the removal of a surface layer can also be explained by the simultaneous operation of three plastic deformation mechanisms, namely, slip, twinning, and martensitic transformation, during deformation.     

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure of Laser-Remelted INCONEL 718 Coating

The rapid cooling rate was achieved during laser remelting with high scanning speed. The microstructure and precipitations in the INCONEL 718 remelted layer were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The phase transition temperatures were carried out by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results showed that columnar-dendritic and equiaxial structures appeared in different regions of the remelted layer. The dendritic spacing of the columnar dendrite and equiaxed grain size decreased with increasing scanning speed. The precipitations in the remelted layer consisted of Laves, granular phase, and a small quantity of quadrangular nitride (Ti, Nb)N. The granular phase Nb(Al, Ti) was precipitated at about 1272 K (999 °C) with the spontaneous decomposition of the supersaturation Laves during the cooling stage, and the small-size granule became coarsened to 0.2 to 0.9 μm during the cooling stage. The noncoherent relationship existed between the granular phase and austenite, and the coarsening of granule was related to the cube root of the diffusion coefficient, interfacial energy, and diffusion time. The microhardness of the remelted layer was increased by increasing the cooling rate due to the Nb atomic solid solution strengthening caused by the distorted elastic stress field and the short-range internal stress.     

Effect of the Strain Rate on the TRIP–TWIP Transition in Austenitic Fe-12 pct Mn-0.6 pct C TWIP Steel

The strain-rate dependence of the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms in Fe-12 pct Mn-0.6 pct C-0.06 pct N steel was investigated. At low strain rates, deformation-induced ε-martensite was formed. At high strain rate, the strain-induced formation of ε-martensite was inhibited, and mechanical twinning was the dominant plasticity-enhancing deformation mechanism. This transition was associated with an increased work hardening rate and a higher total elongation. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) took place at all strain rates. While propagating type C Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) bands were observed at low strain rates, isolated propagating type A PLC bands were observed at high strain rates. The critical strain for the occurrence of DSA had an anomalous negative strain-rate dependence at low strain rates and a normal positive dependence at high strain rates. The transition from negative-to-positive strain-rate dependence was associated with a sharp change in the strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the relationship between the stacking fault energy (SFE), the strain rate, and the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms. The SFE and critical resolved shear stress for the onset of the twinning and the ε-martensite transformation were calculated and compared with experimental results.     

Effect of Rare Earth Fluoride Complex Additives on Properties of Steel

A technique of treating steel with rare earth fluoride complex additives(REFCA),effects andinflunce factors have been studied.REFCA play a role on controlling inclusion morphology,purifying themolten steel and improving properties of steel.The optimum composition of REFCA is REF_3 42%;CaO33%;SiCa 25%,and the amount of REF_3 is 0.5 wt%～0.6 wt% of steel.     

Effect of Rare Earth on Void Band of Diffusion Layer and Properties of Aluminized Steel

 The effects of the addition of rare earth (RE) elements on the void band in the diffusion layer, and the resistances to both oxidation and spalling of aluminized steel were investigated through high temperature oxidation and spalling tests. The results showed that RE had significant effects on the void band in the diffusion layer and the properties of aluminized steel. After diffusion treatment, a considerable number of the voids between the middle layer and transitional layer of pure aluminized coating, aggregated into wavy line shaped void bands parallel to the outer surface. For the RE added aluminized coating, only a few voids aggregated into intermittent block shapes. During high temperature oxidation at 800 ℃ for 200 h, the wavy void band of pure aluminized coating aggregated further into a linear crack parallel to the outer surface, and the internal oxidation occurred within them; the open cracks perpendicular to the surface penetrated through the diffusion layer. For the RE added aluminized coating, only a few voids aggregated into intermittent meniscus shapes. During cyclic spalling tests, the peeling, spallation, and pulverulent cracking occurred along the void band in the diffusion layer of pure aluminized coating, but only a little spallation occurred in the diffusion layer of the RE added aluminized coating, in which cracks perpendicular to the surface were much smaller than those of pure aluminized coating and did not penetrate through the diffusion layer. It is evident that RE addition can restrain the formation and aggregation of voids and subsequently improve the resistances to oxidation and spalling. The mechanism of the RE effect on the void band in the diffusion layer is also discussed.     

A Reaction Between High Mn–High Al Steel and CaO-SiO2-Type Molten Mold Flux: Reduction of Additive Oxide Components in Mold Flux by Al in Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The interfacial reaction between high-Mn–high-Al steel and CaO-SiO2-type mold flux was investigated, with particular emphasis on the reduction of...     

Theory and Practice of Oxide Inclusion Composition and Morphology Control in Spring Steel Production

Theoxideinclusionsinspringsteelcomemainlyfromtheproductsofdeoxidizationofmoltensteel .Ifthemoltensteelisalloyedwithferrosiliconandfinal lydeoxidizedwithaluminum ,thepropertiesofde oxidization productsarenotdeterminedbythechemicalcompositionofmoltensteel,butbythepropertiesofalloysanddynamicconditionsofdeoxi dization .Forspringsteel ,theoriginaldeoxidizationproductsfoundinfinishedproductsaretridymite ,a luminumsilicateandalumina[1] .Inordertoreducetheamountandthesizeofinclusionswhichdeterio rate…     

Effect of Flowing Lead–Bismuth Eutectic on the Mechanical and Structural Properties of Stainless Steel 304L

Stainless steel 304L is being considered as a structural material for a component in a critical facility in an environment of molten lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at a temperature between 250 and 350 °C. This paper gives results on the effect, of 10,000 h exposure to non-isothermal liquid LBE at temperatures of 250 and 350 °C, on the mechanical and structural properties of SS 304L. The dissolved oxygen concentration in the molten eutectic was 4 × 10^?10 wt% and flow velocity was 16 cm/s. In order to assess the changes in mechanical properties tensile tests were carried out in air at 25 °C and fractography of fractured surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed no change in the mechanical properties of SS 304L after 10,000 h exposure to LBE at 250 and 350 °C. Electron probe microanalysis of the interface of SS 304L with LBE showed that there was no penetration of LBE into the grain boundaries nor preferential dissolution of any of the components of steel in LBE after 10,000 h exposure at either temperature. No oxide layer was observed on the surface of SS 304L.     

Calculation of Static Suspension Depth and Meniscus Shape of a Solid Spherical Inclusion at the Steel–Slag Interface

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - A method to calculate the meniscus shape around an inclusion on the steel–slag interface is presented. The meniscus shape is related to the...     

δ-Ferrite Formation and Its Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Heavy-Section AISI 316 Stainless Steel Casting

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - δ-Ferrite formation across the thickness of a heavy-section AISI 316 casting slab and the effect of its decomposition on the bending properties...     

Characteristics of Nitrogen Jet and Its Effect on the Bath in Slag Splashing

ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＪｅｔａｎｄＩｔｓＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｔｈｅＢａｔｈｉｎＳｌａｇＳｐｌａｓｈｉｎｇＹａｎｇＷｅｎｙｕａｎ①，ＺｈｅｎｇＣｏｎｇｊｉｅ①，ＢａｉＲｕｉｇｕｏ②，ＦｕＺｈｅｎｒｏｎｇ②，ＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｇｌｉ...     

Effect of V–Nb Composite Microalloying on Microstructure and Properties of Non-Quenched and Tempered Forged Steel

Herein, non-quenched and tempered forging steels containing V and V–Nb are designed, and the mechanical properties and microstructure of two steels are compared and analyzed. The comprehensive mechanical properties of V–Nb containing steel are as follows: the yield strength is 525.1 MPa, the impact energy A_kV is 62.1 J at ambient temperature, and the elongation is 26.1%. It is shown in the results that the addition of Nb element can refine the grain size (17.2 μm), increase the ferrite content (54.1%), and refine the lamellar spacing of pearlite (274 nm). The formation of V (C, N) particles on MnS inclusions can promote fine ferrite nucleation and growth, and Nb element can further promote ferrite nucleation by forming coarser (V, Nb) (C, N) particles. The difference of yield strength and hardness between the two steels is mainly caused by the difference of precipitation strengthening, the precipitation-strengthening increment of V–Nb containing steel is 18.31 MPa higher than that of V containing steel, which is because the coarser-size (V, Nb) (C, N) particles produce stronger precipitation-strengthening effect. But the large-sized MnS inclusions are beneficial to the increase of crack driving force and reduce the plasticity and toughness.