机器人打磨自适应变阻抗主动柔顺恒力控制

为解决工业机器人打磨过程中存在复杂时变非线性耦合与不确定性扰动导致机器人柔顺恒力打磨自适应调节能力不足的问题，首先给出了一种可实现沿轴向平移与旋转运动解耦的力控末端执行器，其次设计了一种自抗扰控制器和一种粒子群神经网络变阻抗控制器分别作为内环控制和外环控制，在此基础上，提出了一种机器人自适应变阻抗主动柔顺恒力控制方法，用于在线自适应优化阻抗参数，动态调节打磨力修正量，实现机器人打磨作业自适应主动柔顺恒力控制。最后采用Lyapunov稳定性理论分析证明了所提出方法的闭环稳定性。通过机器人打磨系统虚拟样机联合仿真实验和机器人平台实物实验，验证了所提出方法的有效性。实验结果表明，所提方法能够较好实现静态与动态期望打磨力跟踪，减小了打磨力波动、力超调量以及打磨初期打磨工具处的冲击力，提高了打磨力控制系统抗扰动稳定性、恒力跟踪性能和动态响应能力，对复杂多变工况机器人打磨作业具有较强的适应性与鲁棒性。     

大型单立柱双面广告牌风荷载及风振响应分析

大型单立柱双面广告牌的风致破坏时有发生,为研究其在强风下的破坏机理,完善大型户外广告牌结构的抗风设计,本文以典型的双面广告牌结构作为对象开展了两类模型风洞试验.首先通过刚性模型的面板测压风洞试验,分析了上部结构平行面板方向、垂直面板方向和扭转荷载的风力系数随风向角变化规律,针对最不利工况,给出了沿面板长方向风压分布及整体结构风力系数,以及垂直面板方向和扭矩风荷载功率谱的建议公式;通过气动弹性模型的高频天平测力风洞试验,研究了双面柔性广告牌的基底力响应.综合静力刚性测压和动力气弹响应两阶段试验结果,给出双面广告牌垂直面板方向和扭转风振响应的理论计算方法.计算表明:对垂直面板方向风荷载的理论计算,荷载谱需考虑气动导纳函数的影响,对于扭转荷载谱,主要为湍流和漩涡脱落激励的贡献.气动阻尼对结构共振响应的影响非常显著.利用理论方法计算的风振响应与气弹动力试验的结果吻合良好,可用于户外广告牌风振响应的计算.     

The effect of leading-edge sweep angle asymmetry on lateral aerodynamics

Based on the results of force measurement experiment in a low speed wind tunnel, the effect of asymmetrical leading-edge sweep angle on aerodynamic load was investigated with the commonswift’s wing model. The wing model was divided into three segments, i.e., arm wing, hand wingin and hand wingout, and the roll moment produced by the variation of asymmetrical change of wing segment’s leading-edge sweep angle was analyzed.     

Aerodynamic Analysis and Simulation of Flapping Wing Aerial Vehicles on Hovering

In order to design and verify control algorithms for flapping wing aerial vehicles(FWAVs),calculation models of the translational force,rotational force and virtual mass force were established with the basis on the modified quasi-steady aerodynamic theory and high lift mechanisms of insect flight.The simulation results show that the rotational force and virtual mass force can be ignored in the hovering FWAVs with simple harmonic motions in a cycle.The effects of the wing deformation on aerodynamic forces were investigated by regarding the maximum rotational angle of wingtip as a reference variable.The simulation results also show that the average lift coefficient increases and drag coefficient decreases with the increase of the maximum rotational angle of wingtip in the range of 0-90°.     

Design and test of pneumatic artificial muscle driven variable trailing-edge camber wing

A variable camber wing driven by pneumatic artificial muscles is developed in this paper. Firstly, the experimental setup to measure the static output force of pneumatic artificial muscle is designed and the relationship between the static output force and the air pressure is investigated. Experimental results show that the static output force of pneumatic artificial muscle decreases nonlinearly with the increase of contraction ratio. Secondly, the model of variable camber wing driven by pneumatic artificial muscles is manufactured to validate the variable camber concept. Finally, wind tunnel tests are conducted in the low speed wind tunnel. It is found that the wing camber increases with the increase of air pressure. When the air pressure of PAMs is 0.4 MPa and 0.5 MPa, the tip displacement of the trailing-edge is 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively. The lift of aerofoil with flexible trailing-edge increases by 87% at AOA of 5°.     

火电厂凝汽器在线清洗机器人机械臂减振技术

某在研300MW机组凝汽器在线清洗工业机器人在火电厂凝汽器回水室中作业时存在3类不利区,在不利区工作时机械手在水流作用下的振动显著增大,影响定位作业．为解决该问胚,进行了数值模拟和风洞实验研究．研究表明机器人臂杆加装自适应旋转整流罩是实现减振、减阻的有效方法之一．适用于机器人一、二级臂杆的整流罩翼型为NACA0030,适用于三级臂的整流罩翼型为NACA0050．风洞实验显示,在上述翼型组合下,加装自适应旋转整流罩的机器人在3个不利区内机械手振幅均有较大幅度的减少,机器人的定位精度得以提高．此外机器人在凝汽器回水室内引起的压损可减少34．3％,体现出整流罩具的良好减阻效果．     

机器人行星复合铣削技术验证实验

为提高大型铝合金构件的机器人铣削加工效率而不降低加工质量,开展机器人铣削对比实验研究,探索行星复合铣削方法在机器人切削加工领域应用的可能.提出一种机器人行星复合铣削工具系统,介绍其基本结构与运行原理,并通过建立刀尖运动轨迹模型比较机器人行星复合铣削与机器人端铣刀尖运动轨迹特征.开展Al-2024单因素机器人铣削试验,对比研究机器人行星复合铣削与沿X或Y方向进给的机器人端铣在加工效率、表面粗糙度和切削力等方面的差异.结果表明:相对于机器人端铣,机器人行星复合铣削的加工效率至少提升21.34%,表面粗糙度至少降低33.33%,同时其最大切削力分量和轴向切削力均优于机器人端铣.机器人行星复合铣削相当于多个间隔固定相位角的摆线铣削的有序组合;在相同机器人系统配置与加工参数组合的条件下,机器人行星复合铣削的加工性能优于机器人端铣.研究结果为实现大型铝合金构件高效机器人铣削提供了新方案.     

某超临界机翼风洞模型转捩方式研究

本文介绍了风洞试验转捩技术的常规方法和应用,通过对某超临界机翼在风洞试验中自由转捩和固定转捩对阻力的影响结果,结合该机翼的压力分布云图进行了分析,提出了超临界机翼在风洞试验中模拟转捩时的方法。     

扑翼柔性变形对悬停气动特性影响的数值研究

为研究扑动飞行器悬停时扑翼的变形给气动力及周围流场带来的影响,通过求解二维Navier-Stokes方程,分析了扑翼气动力及其周围流场结构随扑翼柔性变形的变化规律.结果显示,当扑翼在悬停扑动时,适当的柔性变形可以提高升力,增大升阻比,有效地改善气动特性.但是,过度的柔性变形会使扑翼的气动特性恶化,升力和升阻比随着过度的变形而减小.     

Robot motion control in mobile environment

With the problem of robot motion control in dynamic environment represented by mobile obstacles, working pieces and external mechanisms considered, a relevant control actions design procedure has been proposed to provide coordination of robot motions with respect to the moving external objects so that an extension of robot spatial motion techniques and active robotic strategies based on approaches of nonlinear control theory can be achieved.     

Variable-model SMA-driven spherical robot

In this paper, we introduce a bionic spherical robot. This research has been inspired by the muscular organs and modularity of organisms such as starfish and octopuses. The robot that we fabricated uses five soft feet to crawl like a starfish, and the robotic feet are driven by the shape memory alloy springs. The robotic spherical structure and the soft feet were fabricated by 3 D printing. The robotic feet were made of silicone gel; these feet could bend upward and downward to help the robot to crawl on the ground and roll down a slope. The shell separation module installed inside the robot could divide the robot into two identical modules, and this smart structure could enhance the robotic flexibility in a small space. We performed force analysis and robotic simulation, and the results verified the feasibility of the model. The robot can switch between rigidity and softness by using human control. Three types of gaits have been proposed for controlling robotic movement and improving robotic flexibility in movement; these include rolling, crawling, and avoiding obstacles. The results of this study indicate that the variable-model design of the robot is an effective way to enhance the flexibility of soft robots.     

柔性翼微型飞行器试验样机研究

柔性翼微型飞行器是目前微型飞行器的重要发展方向，但是在总体、气动分析与实验等方面面临较大困难。通过对柔性翼微型飞行器试验样机的研制试飞和相关气动分析与试验，研究了解决柔性翼微型飞行器的气动性能、飞行性能与操纵稳定性的思路与方法。试验样机的研制试飞与相关风洞试验表明柔性翼微型飞行器具有飞行稳定，操纵反应适当和失速特性好等优点。     

微创外科手术机器人技术研究进展

为实现外科手术的微创化、精确化、智能化、远程化,将机器人技术与微创外科手术相结合,在综述国内外微创外科手术机器人研究现状的基础上,重点论述和分析从操作手设计、控制结构与控制方法,对力反馈主手、手术器械及力感知、增强现实、半自主手术、手术训练系统等关键技术进行了介绍和分析.基于上述技术研发的微创外科手术机器人改善了医生进行微创手术的环境和工具,提高了外科手术的质量,具有广泛的应用和发展前景.对微创外科手术机器人技术的发展趋势进行了展望.     

异构型遥操作系统的定位与接触控制研究

与同构型机器人遥操作系统不同,在异构型机器人遥操作系统中,操作者往往对目标物的精确定位和接触力的判断不足,当从机器人接触到外部环境时缺乏良好的临场感,导致操作精度不足。针对此类问题,该文提出了一种基于机器人工作空间转换与直接力反馈结构相结合的目标物定位与接触遥操作控制方法。该方法首先将机器人的关节空间转换到工作空间,再对异构型主从机器人不同的工作空间进行映射匹配,然后在直接力反馈式的遥操作结构下与力传感器共同作用,并辅以摄像机,使得操作者可以精确地操作远端环境中的机器人,从而准确地接触到目标物及获取目标物的位置,进一步准确判断从机器人在外部环境中所接触到的物体属性。该方法借助力反馈进行目标物定位与物体属性判断,较之复杂的机器人视觉标定方法更加简单易于操作,其有效性也在搭建的异构型机器人遥操作实验平台上得到了验证。     

基于虚拟模型和加速度规划的腿部缓冲策略

提出一种基于虚拟模型控制和加速度规划的腿部缓冲方法。通过建立机器人腿部的虚拟模型,设定落地过程中躯干加速度从而可减小地面对机器人的冲击力,保护机器人的机械结构。该方法将机器人的落地过程分为下落、缓冲、恢复3个阶段。在下落阶段,通过在足端与期望位置之间添加虚拟“弹簧—阻尼”系统来控制足端位置。在缓冲阶段和恢复阶段,通过规划躯干质心加速度,从而减小落地过程中躯干受到的冲击。该方法可避免在激烈的足地交互过程中调节系统的刚度和阻尼,控制过程更简单精确。基于Webots的仿真试验表明,该方法在机器人落地过程中的保护是有效的。     

Comparison of two design methods of aerodynamic biobjectives for airfoil and wing shapes

It is well known that a modern fighter should have high aerodynamic performance, i.e. high CL/CD at subsonic speed and low drag at supersonic speed at the meantime. To realize low cruise drag at supersonic flight the wing plane should not be cambered, while to get high aerodynamic efficiency at subsonic/transonic flight, it should be cambered. A naturally way to solve this conflict is to make the fighter have an 揳daptive wing? i.e. to change the wing shape automatically to satisfy the requir…     

高超声速环境D6AC钢结构多物理场耦合模拟

为探究热防护材料在高超声速环境下的服役行为,采用风洞试验和数值模拟方法研究了D6AC钢结构在多物理场耦合作用下的失效问题.基于高超声速气动力学、结构力学基本理论,建立高超声速D6AC钢结构的多物理场耦合理论模型,利用Navier-Stokes方程模拟得到其在不同飞行环境下的气动加热和结构响应,并对数值模拟的结果进行风洞试验验证.结果表明,风洞试验结果与数值模拟结果相吻合.气动热是导致D6AC钢结构破坏的主要因素,在三组来流条件下钢结构均发生了烧蚀现象,结构烧蚀开始时间取决于来流总温的大小.     

扇翼飞行器短距起飞性能

为验证扇翼飞行器超短距起飞特性及大载荷特性.以某型6 kg级扇翼飞行器为研究对象,在分析其结构特点和飞行原理的基础上,根据该飞行器在地面与空中的受力情况,建立了扇翼飞行器的纵向模型,使地面滑跑段与空中段有效衔接,并通过数值仿真,对比分析了升降舵偏转量、重心位置、扇翼转速以及载荷量对扇翼飞行器起飞滑跑距离的影响.仿真结果表明:空载时起飞滑跑距离最短;在起飞过程中需要保持升降舵上偏最大角度;重心位置越靠近扇翼力作用点,起飞滑跑距离越短;在这些因素固定的情况下配合适当扇翼转速,最终获得该样机不到9 m的最短起飞滑跑距离.通过对比分析,良好的起飞性能需要几个因素的配合设置.     

Mobile-robotic machining for large complex components: A review study

Even though the robotic machining has achieved great success in machining of small components, it lacks the competence to machine large complex components, such as wind turbine blade, train carriage, and aircraft wing. In order to cope with this issue,the mobile machining robot system, which consists of a robot arm integrated with a mobile platform, is proposed to achieve the large workspace and high dexterity, and thus has the potential to machine the large complex components. However, due to the limitation of motion accuracy and structural stiffness, the current mobile-robots are hard to satisfy the high precision requirement of machining tasks. In this paper, some historical mobile-robotic machining systems are reviewed firstly, followed by some key techniques related to structure optimization, dynamics of the machining process, localization, and control techniques, which are fundamental for the structural stiffness and motion accuracy of mobile-robots. Finally, the prospect of mobile-robotic machining and the open questions are addressed.     

机器人孔口倒角加工振动及抑制

在分析机器人倒角切削振动成因的基础上,提出机器人反向倒角切削振动抑制方法.首先通过构建机器人倒角切削力以及压脚压力作用下的系统动力学模型,对振动成因进行分析,发现在轴向力作用下机器人产生明显动态变形,在径向力与切向力作用下机器人则发生明显强迫振动;进而提出一种机器人反向倒角切削方法,以消除轴向力对机器人的作用,并通过压脚压力的合理选取抑制强迫振动的发生;最后通过机器人正反向倒角对比试验,验证了机器人反向倒角切削的可靠性.试验结果表明：机器人反向倒角切削表面粗糙度小于Ra1.6 μm,孔口宽度差最大为0.05 mm.