分散染料在涤/棉混纺织物热熔固色中的转移机理

涤纶纤维及其混纺织物是服用性能较好的织物。据统计表明,涤纶总产量的一半被用于涤/棉混纺。目前,涤/棉混纺的染色主要是以分散-还原或分散-活性染料采用二浴二步或一浴一步的方法。使用单一染料(活性分散)对涤/棉混纺染色的研究工作也在开展。这些染色过程都与分散染料在高温下对涤纶纤维的固色有关,所以研究分散染料对涤/棉混纺热熔固色的转移机理具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。关于染料同纤维的结合型式,Wegmann根据染料-纤维间键的性质归纳为四类:1.分子或晶体质点的“包容”,即机械     

十溴联苯醚在涤/棉混纺织物阻燃整理中的应用

一、引言在合成纤维及其混纺织物中,涤/棉混纺织物是最大量的商品化产品,因此,它占领了国外近1/3的服装市场,然而这种混纺织物中,天然的高分子化合物(棉花)与合成的热塑性高分子化合物(涤纶)在许多方面的显著差异,使得涤/棉混纺织物的阻燃整理远远不如纯棉织物阻燃整理那样有效,其原因是:对纯棉和纯涤有效的阻燃剂,不一定对涤/棉混纺织物有效,两种纤维混纺后,棉花遇热炭化,但维持结构的完整性,导致“骨架”效应。因此,涤     

国外动态

涤/棉混纺一浴法用染料随着涤纶的发展,涤/棉混纺织物发展很快。这种混纺织物有优异的洗可穿性能,很受消费者欢迎。美国1964年涤/棉混纺仅占全部织物产量的4％,1968年达14％,预计1973年可到25％。英国市场每年销售男子衬衫8500万件,到1975年将有半数为涤/棉混纺衬衫。日本1971年涤/棉混纺消耗涤纶纱量占全部涤纶混纺纱的近70％,近来仍有增长趋势。     

国内文摘

80 014 用于涤/棉混纺织物的活性分散染料大连工学院侯毓汾潘鑫宋东明本文综合分析了含β-羟乙基砜硫酸酯活性染料的染棉机理和涤纶纤维用微溶性非离子型分散染料的结构特点,提出了一类用于涤/棉混纺织物的活性分散染料。这类染料可经热熔法印染涤/棉混纺织物,并介绍了这类染料的分子结构特点以及与涤/棉混纺织物两种不同纤维的结合。     

山道士公司在天津技术座谈报导

山道士公司于1982年11月20～26日在天津举行技术座谈,介绍的内容分八个部分:即染料制造部门如何为染整工业降低能源创造条件;涤/棉机织物和针织物前处理中使用的助剂;RD染料快速染色和涤/棉混纺织物的浸染;活性固色染料Indosol;活性染料DrimareneR用于(腊防)印花;涤纶的拔染印花;染羊毛用的Sandolan染料和Lanasyn S染料用于羊毛、锦纶、蚕丝的印染等。并在天津针织厂、印染厂     

涤/棉混纺织物的阻燃整理

涤/棉混纺织物是非常易燃的。当棉组份与火焰接触时,就迅速燃烧起来,并使火焰蔓延。与棉燃烧的同时,涤纶开始熔融。这两种同时发生的事情能引起巨大的灾祸,甚至会使穿着者死亡。限氧指数和混纺组份之间的关系如图1所示:混纺织物与单一组份比较,着火更快,燃烧更迅速,受热分解更快,并释放出易挥发的可燃烃类,因为燃烧时涤/棉之间发生相互反应。因此,人们非常希望减少涤/棉混纺织物的可燃性。在混纺中掺入阻燃性聚酯对于棉组份的燃烧影响极小。有些阻燃剂加入后虽对一个组份特别有效,但不一定降低混纺物的可燃性。这些都使阻燃整理变得更困难。阻燃涤/棉混纺织物的生产主要采用下面两种办法:     

直接混纺染料的若干应用技术(五)

问:直接混纺染料(D型)在和分散染料同浴染/棉(或涤粘)混纺交织物时,如保解决涤纶的沾色问题? 答:任何一种直接染料在与分散染料同浴染涤/棉(或涤/粘)混纺交织物时,对涤纶组分都有不同程度的沾色,这主要是由于染料在生产过程中采用的中间体(原料)不纯或在合成时反应不完全,以致染料(商品)中含有微量的同分异构体化物所致.     

仪纶/涤纶/棉混纺织物一浴法染色技术

超仿棉纤维与其它纤维混纺可提高织物的吸湿性能,但传统的分散/活性染料两浴法染色工艺复杂、能源消耗大、生产效率低。本文对盛发纺织印染有限公司设计的仪纶/涤纶/棉混纺织物(20/50/30)进行了一浴法染色技术研究。结果表明,耐摩擦色牢度、耐洗色牢度、耐光色牢度为4级左右,混纺织物的回潮率为4.54%,静电压为733 V,半衰期为1.14 s,达到仿棉的效果并优于普通涤/棉混纺织物。     

国内涤/棉混纺一浴法用染料的研究情况

涤纶是当前合成纤维中发展最快的一种,在今后三、五年内我国涤纶的产量将有很大幅度的增长。涤纶虽然可与各种合成纤维、天然纤维混纺,但以涤/棉混纺最受消费者欢迎。为了适应国内涤/棉混纺织物的发展,有关单位进行了涤/棉一浴法用染料的研究,现将近期了解情况作以介绍,供有关单位参考。涤/棉混纺一浴法用染料有两种,一是单一染料,可同时上染两种纤维,一是混合染料,     

纳米银/石墨烯负载涤纶织物的制备及其结构与性能研究

采用浸渍烘干法在经碱减量处理后的涤纶织物表面负载氧化石墨烯(GO),再通过纳米银(Ag)自组装制备具有良好电热性能的纳米Ag/石墨烯负载涤纶织物,研究了GO水分散液浸渍次数、柠檬酸钠溶液浓度及硝酸银溶液浓度对织物电热性能的影响,并对织物的结构、热性能及力学性能进行表征。结果表明：制备纳米Ag/石墨烯负载涤纶织物的较佳工艺条件为GO水分散液浸渍5次、柠檬酸钠溶液浓度0.1 mol/L、硝酸银溶液浓度0.1 mol/L;在纳米Ag/石墨烯负载涤纶织物制备过程中,GO和Ag⁺被还原成石墨烯和纳米Ag,并在织物表面形成致密且完整的高纯度纳米Ag;纳米Ag/石墨烯负载涤纶织物与未处理涤纶织物相比,具有更好的热稳定性,断裂强力相当;在3 V电压条件下通电60 s时,纳米Ag/石墨烯负载涤纶织物表面发热温度达到113℃,具有优异的电热性能。     

Preparation of fibrous TiO2 photocatalyst and its optimization towards the decomposition of indoor ammonia under illumination

Aqueous dispersion containing TiO₂ particles was firstly prepared and then mixed with silicone or acrylic additives to establish a treating bath. And the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts were produced by padding three woven fabrics including cotton, polyester and flax fabrics as support materials with this treating bath and some factors affecting the preparation process were discussed. Moreover, the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, infrared Fourier transform spectrometer and scanning electron microscope, and evaluated with respect to the removal efficiency of ammonia under UV irradiation in air stream by a specifically designed photocatalytic reactor and environmental condition simulated chamber. The results showed that ammonia gas could well be decomposed by the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts based on cotton and flax fabrics. Increasing the dosage of TiO₂ aqueous dispersion led to the improved ammonia decomposition level of the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts. The additives caused the reduced ammonia decomposition level of the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts, but provided it with the enhanced resistance to water washing. The ammonia photocatalysis of the fibrous TiO₂ photocatalysts was not much affected by curing temperature and dyed cotton fabrics when preparing.     

Aircell纤维织物的吸湿、导湿性能研究

通过对Aircell纤维织物的毛细效应、透湿性和透气性进行测试,并与其他织物选行比较,研究了Aircell纤维织物的吸湿、导湿性能。结果表明：Aircelt纤维织物的毛细高度稍低于竹纤维／棉织物,远高于棉织物和涤纶织物;透湿性稍低于Coolmax混纺织物,远高于棉织物、麻织物和涤纶织物;透气性远远高于涤纶织物,也高于棉织物、天丝织物,因此认为Aircell纤维织物是一种新的吸湿、导湿材料。     

混纺比对毛涤混纺织物性能的影响分析

毛涤混纺织物挺括、耐磨、抗皱、保型,但涤纶含量过多织物会显硬板、不丰满、容易起毛起球等。为了分析毛涤混纺比对织物性能的影响,测试了四种不同混纺比的毛涤混纺织物的悬垂性、抗折皱回复性、抗起毛起球性等。结果显示:在不影响织物外观性能和舒适感的条件下,随着涤纶含量的增加,毛涤混纺织物的耐磨性增强,抗折皱回复性能变好,但同时也会在一定程度上造成织物的起毛起球现象加重,悬垂性变差。     

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

In this work, the removal mechanism of kaolinite and ferric oxide (model hydrophilic particulate soils) from hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabrics was studied using three surfactant types: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), octylphenol ethoxylate (OP(EO)10), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work investigated the relations between zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, contact angle, solid/liquid spreading pressure, and dispersion stability in washing solutions as compared to detergency performance and antiredeposition as a function of surfactant concentration and pH level. The SDS showed the best detergency for both particulate soils, followed by OP(EO)10, with CTAB being the least effective surfactant. For SDS, the electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil was found to be the dominant force for hydrophilic particulate soil removal. For the nonionic surfactant OP(EO)10, electrostatics are also important and steric effects aid particulate soil detergency. Electrostatic forces and solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction aids CTAB detergency. These same detergency mechanisms have previously been found for the case of hydrophobic soil removal from fabrics. Dispersion stability did not prove to be a dominant mechanism governing particulate soil detergency. From the SEM photos of soiled fabric, ferric oxide attaches to the fabric surface with no entrapment between fabric yarns; moreover, ferric oxide tends to form larger aggregates on cotton compared to polyester fabric. The adhesion of larger particles is hypothesized to be weaker than the smaller ones. Therefore ferric oxide can be more easily removed from cotton fabric than polyester. The SEM photos for kaolinite show little visual difference in particle agglomeration on polyester compared to cotton. Removal of kaolinite from cotton was found to be higher than from polyester, but there is less difference than for ferric oxide.     

Studying smoldering to flaming transition in polyurethane furniture subassemblies: Effects of fabrics,flame retardants,and material type

The transition from smoldering to flaming was studied on fabric, batting, and foam assemblies via an electric spot ignition source of similar intensity to a cigarette. The materials studied included four different fabrics (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend, flame retardant cotton/polyester blend), two types of batting (cotton, polyester), and three types of polyurethane foam (nonflame retardant, flame retardant by FMVSS 302 testing, flame retardant by BS5852 testing). The results from testing found that materials highly prone to smoldering could propagate smoldering into foams and lead to ignition, whereas materials that tended to melt back from the ignition source did not. Flame retardant fabrics or foam can and do prevent the transition from smoldering to flaming provided sufficient levels of flame retardants are incorporated in the upholstery fabric or foam. The transition from smoldering to flaming of cotton fabric/nonflame retardant foam assembly was also studied using temperature measurements and evolved gas analysis. It was determined that the transition takes place when the oxygen consumption by accelerating smoldering front exceeds the oxygen supply. At this point, the solid fuel gasification becomes driven by thermal decomposition rather than by surface oxidation which leads to high enough concentrations of fuel for flaming combustion to occur.     

Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross‐linkable hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer

Blend fabrics of cotton and polyester are widely used in apparel, but high flammability becomes a major obstacle for applications of those fabrics in fire protective clothing. The objective of this research was to investigate the flame retardant finishing of a 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabric. It was discovered previously that N,N′‐dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was able to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) onto 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabrics. In this research, the HFPO/DMDHEU system was applied to a 50/50 polyester/cotton twill fabric. The polyester/cotton fabric treated with 36% HFPO and 10% DMDHEU achieved char length of 165 mm after 20 laundering cycles. The laundering durability of the treated fabric was attributed to the formation of polymeric cross‐linked networks. The HFPO/DMDHEU system significantly reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) of cotton on the treated polyester/cotton blend fabric, but its effects on polyester were marginal. HFPO/DMDHEU reduced PHRR of both nylon and cotton on the treated nylon/cotton fabric. It was also discovered that the nitrogen of DMDHEU was synergistic to enhance the flame retardant performance of HFPO on the polyester/cotton fabric.     

Flame resistant cotton fabrics prepared by radiation-initiated polymerization with vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide

Radiation-initiated polymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer (molecular weight 500–1000) and N-methylolacrylamide from aqueous solutions was investigated with cotton printcloth, flanelette, and sateen fabrics and with cotton (50%)–polyester (50%) flannelette fabrics. Determinations were made of the effects of radiation dosage, mole ratio of vinyl phosphonate in the oligomer to N-methylolacrylamide in aqueous solution, concentration of reactants, wet pickup of solutions on fabrics, and irradiation of both dry and wet fabrics on efficiency of conversion of oligomer and monomer in solution to polymer add-on. The effects of vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide radiation-initiated polymerization on some of the textile properties of cotton printcloth and on flame resistances of cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics were evaluated. The breaking strength of modified cotton printcloth was about the same as that of unmodified fabric; however, the tearing strength and flex abrasion resistance of modified fabric were reduced. The textile hand of the modified printcloth fabrics that had flame resistance indicated: interaction between cellulose and vinyl phosphonate oligomer–poly(N-methylolacrylamide) and uniform deposition in the fibrous cross section (transmission electron microscopy); surface areas of heavy deposits of oligomer–polymer (scanning electron microscopy); and phosphorus located throughout the fibrous cross section (energy dispersive x-ray analysis). Polymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide was radiation initiated with cotton–polyester fabric; however, this modified fabric did not have flame-resistant properties.     

Investigations on the level dyeing of fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide

The level dyeing of fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated by employing an improved beam (a perforated pipe on which the knitted or woven fabric/warp is wound around). The effects of system temperature, pressure, dyeing time, a time ratio of fluid circulation to static dyeing (R_time), different fabric layers wrapped around the beam, and the species and chemical structures of dyestuffs on leveling properties and color strength of polyester and cotton fabrics were observed. The results show that the leveling properties and color strength of fabrics were improved on the new beam, as well as with a favorably increased system temperature, pressure, dyeing time, and a time ratio of fluid circulation to static dyeing; while the leveling property and color strength decreased with fabric layers on the beam under an identical condition. Highly leveling results were obtained on polyester and cotton fabrics with disperse and reactive disperse dyes involving different chemical structures.     

基于灰色综合评定法的织物最佳混纺比确定

选用棉、莫代尔、竹纤维三组分混纺纱,设计了5种不同混纺比,测试了不同混纺比织物的刚柔性、折皱性、透气性等服用性能,通过数值分析,比较出不同混比织物服用性能的特点。采用灰色近优综合评定法确定出三组分混纺织物的最佳混纺比,为此类织物的设计开发提供了理论参考。     

Thermal analyses of flame-retardant twills containing cotton,polyester and wool

Medium weight twill fabrics constructed from cotton and cotton blended with polyester and/or wool were analyzed under nitrogen by three thermoanalytical techniques. Fabrics were tested both before and after treatment with [tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium] sulfate (THPS), urea, and trimethylolmelamine. The presence of all fibers was distinguishable in differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) of untreated fabrics; the relative positions of the endothermic, decomposition peak temperatures were only slightly changed. After flame-retardant (FR) treatment, the blended cotton and wool fibers were altered. Both fibers decomposed as exotherms during DSC analysis. These data supported earlier microscopical, X-ray evidence that wool fibers were actually reacting with the FR treatment. The two DSC peaks for polyester polymer melting and decomposing remained unaffected by either blending with other fibers or the presence of the FR finish on the fabric. There was excellent agreement between DSC peak temperatures and the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Blending cotton with either of these fibers increased the residue measured after TGA. The increased residue correlated with increased flame resistance as measured by the 45° angle, edge-ignition burning rate test.