0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律

研究奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9在高温(550℃)下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。测试采用标准CT(compact tension)试样,最大载荷范围为6.5 kN～14 kN,应力比为0.1(室温)和0.05(550℃)。裂纹扩展过程通过QUESTAR长焦距显微镜直接观测,同时采用COD(crack opening displacement)规记录加载线位移。由于在高温条件下,测试终止时试样的裂纹前缘呈明显弧形,故此给出实测表面处裂纹长度有效值的修正方法。对高温疲劳裂纹扩展问题,采用应力强度因子范围ΔK作为裂纹扩展驱动力参数,同时考虑高ΔK和低ΔK值对裂纹扩展规律的影响,得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢在550℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律表征模型,给出裂纹扩展率的上限结果。     

弹塑性疲劳裂纹扩展行为的数值模拟

基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立内聚单元模型以研究I型弹塑性疲劳裂纹的扩展过程。利用UEL子程序定义内聚单元的疲劳损伤累积准则以识别疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的位置,并预测裂纹扩展速率da/d N。结果发现,预测的裂纹扩展速率与已有的试验结果吻合良好。通过ABAQUS软件中的温度-位移耦合分析方法同步获取裂纹扩展过程中因塑性变形能引起的裂纹尖端瞬态温度场的变化。结果显示,疲劳损伤累积准则所识别的裂纹尖端位置与裂纹扩展时最大温升点的位置具有一致性。这说明疲劳裂纹扩展过程中温度信号的变化也可以用于裂纹扩展规律的研究。基于数值模拟的方法验证了疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的温升信号ΔT与裂纹扩展速率da/d N、应力强度因子范围ΔK之间的幂函数关系。研究成果有望用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的快速预测。     

铝合金板材中心孔裂纹尖端塑性区数值计算

通过有限元对铝合金板材中心孔裂纹尖端处塑性区模拟计算,说明在裂纹尖端产生了较大的塑性区,并相应地计算出塑性区的大小。本文通过有限元模拟2124铝合金板材中心孔裂纹扩展情况。铝合金材料为典型的脆性材料,2124铝合金板材在疲劳加载情况下会先进行弹性形变,达到屈服强度后进行塑性形变。本文对2124铝合金板材进行有限元模拟时,先采用线弹性模型,计算裂纹扩展的应力强度因子,然后采用弹塑性模型,计算裂纹尖端的塑性区大小,从而进一步对裂纹尖端应力强度因子进行修正。在建立有限元模型时,以二维的Ramberg-Os-good（R-O）本构为基础,采用参数化的方式,这样是为了可以更好地对有限元程序进行调试。在有限元网格划分时,由于在相同精度下四边形单元的计算效率是三角形单元的几倍,所以采用四边形单元,提高计算精度。有限元建模时,采用plane42、solid 45和solid 95三种单元,plane42单元用于建立2D网格,solid45单元用于建立3D网格,而solid95单元则是用于引入奇异单元。同时,由于试样模型对称性,所以取1/4模型来进行计算。在计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子及塑性区大小时,采用恒ΔK方式和增ΔK两种加载方式来进行计算。首先在恒ΔK下,计算出相应的应力强度因子,其值和理论值相吻合,同时观察得到的塑性区形状与理论形状相似,计算塑性区尺寸大小,首先证明有限元程序的正确性。进一步有限元模拟计算在增大ΔK情况下不同预裂纹长度下塑性区的变化情况。经过有限元计算得到的塑性区尺寸大小,最后可以近似用经验公式表达。     

含双裂纹齿轮副轮齿裂纹扩展寿命分析

裂纹扩展是齿轮传动的主要故障,而且裂纹所处位置对裂纹扩展行为作用明显。为探讨齿轮副轮齿裂纹位置与裂纹扩展寿命的关系,提出几种相邻轮齿含分度圆裂纹和齿根裂纹的双裂纹齿轮副模型,基于ABAQUS建立齿轮副的三齿啮合有限元分析模型,分析不同载荷作用下分度圆裂纹和齿根裂纹尖端的主应力值和应力强度因子值;结合Pairs方程探讨分度圆裂纹扩展和齿根裂纹扩展寿命之间的关系。结果表明:齿轮副单齿啮合时的裂纹尖端应力比齿轮副双齿啮合时的裂纹尖端应力大,而且裂纹尖端的弯曲应力明显大于剪切应力;同一载荷同一裂纹深度时,齿根裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值大于分度圆裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值;相同加载时,含齿根裂纹齿轮的裂纹扩展寿命小于含分度圆裂纹齿轮的裂纹扩展寿命;裂纹扩展过程中,齿根裂纹深度和分度圆裂纹深度之比非定值,而且深度之比与载荷无关。     

高温构件蠕变损伤与裂纹扩展预测研究新进展

精准的寿命预测是高温构件设计制造与运行维护的关键,但多轴应力和裂纹等缺陷的存在使得寿命预测的难度大大增加。综述了笔者近年来在高温蠕变损伤模型和蠕变裂纹扩展仿真方面的研究工作,主要包括:讨论了应力水平和应力状态对蠕变断裂应变的影响规律;基于幂律蠕变控制孔洞长大理论,提出了新的多轴蠕变延性模型;采用基于应变的损伤力学模型,预测了多种含缺陷结构中蠕变裂纹的扩展行为,并分析了蠕变条件下多个表面裂纹干涉、扩展及合并的全过程;发展了基于晶界孔洞化损伤机制的裂纹扩展分析方法,实现了蠕变疲劳裂纹扩展仿真和蠕变疲劳氧化裂纹扩展仿真。这些工作为建立考虑多轴应力影响的含缺陷高温构件寿命预测方法提供了有力支持。     

面向再制造的510L钢疲劳裂纹扩展磁记忆检测

为探索磁记忆信号在铁磁性材料裂纹扩展过程中的变化规律,以510L钢为研究对象,采集裂纹扩展过程不同区域的磁记忆信号,计算裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,分析疲劳断口形貌,探讨金属磁记忆方法对铁磁材料疲劳损伤与裂纹扩展检测的可行性,并建立裂纹尖端磁记忆信号梯度Kmax值和应力强度因子KI之间的关系。结果表明:M(T)试样宏观切口处的磁记忆信号特征量比裂纹尖端应力集中处的磁记忆信号特征量明显;梯度Kmax值和应力强度因子KI在疲劳循环累积下均呈指数形式增加,从断裂力学角度说明Kmax反映疲劳累积损伤的可行性;磁记忆信号特征量ΔHp(y)及Kmax可以反映经过不同服役期的510L钢损伤情况,为再制造修复和加工提供依据。     

Cr—Mo—V钢蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展研究

研究了低合金Cr-Mo-V 钢在脆性和韧性状态时蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展速度。试验证明:随着蠕变断裂韧性提高,Cr-Mo-V钢蠕变裂纹扩展速度明显地降低。适当降低钢的强度,而提高其蠕变断裂韧性δ_(ce),则25 Cr 2 Mo1 V 钢的螺栓断裂寿命显著改善。文内提出了蠕变裂纹开裂准则和蠕变裂纹扩展速度与力学参量及蠕变断裂韧性δ_(ce)间关系式。     

内压圆筒中表面裂纹蠕变扩展的数值分析

金属蠕变的研究逐渐趋向对含缺陷材料与结构进行探讨,但针对金属构件表面裂纹蠕变扩展特性的研究仍然有限。基于三维有限元方法,对高温内压下含轴向表面裂纹的低合金Cr-Mo钢圆筒进行研究。有限元计算得到的应力强度因子K和蠕变裂纹驱动力参量C*积分与前人的研究进行比较,提出一种基于软件ABAQUS的步步分析方法来描述蠕变裂纹的扩展行为。最后,通过对若干不同初始形状裂纹的研究,得到四种不同初始形状的表面裂纹的形貌变化特性,以及裂纹深度、裂纹长度、C*积分和剩余寿命的变化规律。     

应力比影响下的铝合金全范围疲劳裂纹扩展速率表达式

通过试验测得T851处理的2124铝合金板TL取向与LT取向不同应力比时的裂纹扩展门槛值及裂纹扩展速率;将应力比影响下的有效应力强度因子ΔKeff、有效裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKeffth及裂纹在循环应力作用下的临界应力强度因子K′C引入全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式中,并用修正后的公式对不同应力作用下2124铝合金TL取向与LT取向的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了预测。结果表明:预测结果与试验结果基本吻合,说明修正后全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式可以用来描述2124铝合金裂纹扩展速率。     

PE100管材慢速裂纹扩展行为研究

从PE100管材中直接制取环切圆棒试件(Cracked Round Bar,CRB),根据ISO 18489在不同应力比R=0. 1,0. 2和0. 3下进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验并得到裂纹扩展规律。采用外推法将试验结果外推得到R=1(即表示蠕变)时的裂纹扩展规律。对含有内部环向半椭圆表面裂纹缺陷的PE管材进行剩余寿命计算,得到了在50年服役寿命下的最大允许裂纹尺寸和相应的应力强度因子值。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.