Analysis of an air cycle refrigerator driving air conditioning system integrated desiccant system

This study presents theoretical investigation on the performance of air cycle refrigerator driving air conditioning system integrated desiccant system. Total system performance is evaluated and the system feasibility is examined. The system has such characteristics that (1) safe material of air and water are used as a refrigerant, (2) waste heat from air cycle refrigerator performs the regeneration of desiccant material for energy saving. It has been clarifying that (1) controlling the evaporative cooling process in air washer, the system can operate for a wide range of cooling loads, (2) the total coefficient of performance on air conditioning system is better than the conventional vapor compression system with reheating coil, and (3) the system performance highly depends on the ratio of the amount of outdoor intake air to the supply air.     

A cryogen-free Vuilleumier type pulse tube cryocooler operating below 10 K

Vuilleumier (VM) type pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) utilizes the thermal compressor to drive the low temperature stage PTC. This paper presents the latest experimental results of a cryogen-free VM type PTC that operates in the temperature range below 10 K. Stirling type pre-coolers instead of liquid nitrogen provide the cooling power for the thermal compressor. Compared with previous configuration, the thermal compressor was improved with a higher output pressure ratio, and lead and HoCu₂ spheres were packed within the regenerator for the low temperature stage PTC for a better match with targeted cold end temperature. A lowest no-load temperature of 7.58 K was obtained with a pressure ratio of 1.23, a working frequency of 3 Hz and an average pressure of 1.63 MPa. The experimental results show good consistency in terms of lowest temperature with the simulation under the same working condition.     

Advances on a cryogen-free Vuilleumier type pulse tube cryocooler

This paper presents experimental results and numerical evaluation of a Vuilleumier (VM) type pulse tube cryocooler. The cryocooler consists of three main subsystems: a thermal compressor, a low temperature pulse tube cryocooler, and a Stirling type precooler. The thermal compressor, similar to that in a Vuilleumier cryocooler, is used to drive the low temperature stage pulse tube cryocooler. The Stirling type precooler is used to establish a temperature difference for the thermal compressor to generate pressure wave. A lowest no-load temperature of 15.1 K is obtained with a pressure ratio of 1.18, a working frequency of 3 Hz and an average pressure of 2.45 MPa. Numerical simulations have been performed to help the understanding of the system performance. With given experimental conditions, the simulation predicts a lowest temperature in reasonable agreement with the experimental result. Analyses show that there is a large discrepancy in the pre-cooling power between experiments and calculation, which requires further investigation.     

空调压缩机驱动高效同轴脉冲管制冷系统

介绍了为实际应用而开发的低成本、高效率、长寿命的制冷系统：空调压缩机驱动的单级同轴脉冲管制冷机。实验获得了３８．４Ｋ的最低温度，制冷量３Ｗ／５０Ｋ，大于６Ｗ／８０Ｋ，输入功率约６２０Ｗ，启动过程操作简单、降温快、运行稳定。     

The potential of solar energy use in desiccant cooling cycles

The use of heat produced by solar thermal collectors is an interesting option for thermal driven air conditioning processes. A thermal driven cooling technique which fits well to non-tracking solar collectors is the desiccant cooling technique. Recently several projects have been carried out which focus on the connection of desiccant cooling systems with solar thermal energy for regeneration of the sorbents. This communication deals with three main topics: (1) experiences achieved in a realized system which is coupled to a solar collector are discussed, (2) a new concept is presented, in which a solar air collector is integrated into the desiccant cooling cycle as the only heat source and (3) a comparative study is presented which compares system performance for different system configurations and different climatic situations.     

A new thermoeconomic approach and parametric study of an irreversible regenerative Brayton refrigeration cycle

The detailed parametric study of an irreversible regenerative Brayton refrigerator cycle using the new thermoeconomic approach is presented in this paper. The external irreversibility is due to finite temperature difference between the cycle and the external reservoirs while the internal irreversibilities are due to the nonisentropic compression and expansion processes and the regenerative loss. The thermoeconomic objective function defined as the cooling load per unit cost is optimized with respect to the state point temperatures for a typical set of operating conditions. The power input and cooling load are found to be decreasing functions of the expansion outlet temperature (T₁), while it is the reverse in the case of COP. On the other hand, there are optimal values of the temperature T₁, cooling load, power input and COP at which the cycle attains the maximum objective function for a typical set of operating parameters. Again, the objective function, COP and cooling load further enhance, while the power input goes down, as the various values of the effectiveness or efficiency components are increased.     

A summary of the proceedings of the UK Institute of Refrigeration 1998/1999

This paper provides a short review of seven technical papers that have been presented to members of the United Kingdom's Institute of Refrigeration between October 1998 and April 1999. The aim of the paper is to provide wider dissemination of research and development work within the UK's refrigeration community. The subjects covered include current research into air cycle air conditioning, liquid pressure amplification, the application of wide boiling refrigerants and optimum display conditions for unwrapped chilled food. Also included are papers on recent developments in thermosyphon cooling, the opportunities for chilled ceilings and beams, and this publication is concluded with a paper by a consultant providing up to date guidance on measures to improve refrigeration plant performance.     

Performance of absorption refrigeration cycle at maximum cooling rate

The influence of irreversibility of finite-rate heat transfer on the performance of an absorption refrigerator is investigated using an endoreversible cycle model with continuous flow. The cooling rate is adopted as an objective function for refrigerator optimization. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding coefficient of performance are derived. The optimal performance with respect to heat transfer areas of the refrigerator is analysed. In addition, certain significant conclusions are reached.     

集中空调系统的腐蚀与结垢及防护

综述了包括冰储冷、水蓄热储能的集中空调中的制冷机系统、电油气锅炉系统、乙二醇系统、冷却水系统及媒水系统腐蚀与结垢的特点,并就如何防止腐蚀、结垢,提高热交换效率、节能降耗,延长设备使用寿命,提出了有效的防护措施.     

A small capacity steam-ejector refrigerator: experimental investigation of a system using ejector with movable primary nozzle

This paper describes an experimental study of a steam-ejector refrigerator using an ejector with a primary nozzle that could be moved axially within the mixing chamber section. The effects on coefficient of performance and cooling capacity produced by adjusting the position of the nozzle were studied. The experimental rig and method are described and results are presented which clearly show the benefit of using such a primary nozzle.     

Augmented desalination with cooling integration

Humidification–dehumidification (HDH) desalination works based on a water cycle principle and involves air humidification and condensation (dehumidification). The cooling of humid air with chilled water increases the desalination and results in cold air suitable for air conditioning process. The merits of the proposed HDH desalination and cooling are not analyzed and compared in the literature. Therefore, the performance results of HDH with normal water (current technology) and HDH with chilled water (proposed idea) are compared to highlight the merit of this cycle. The combined cycle for desalination and cooling has been solved thermodynamically with psychrometric properties. The results are validated with a laboratory experimental setup. The examined operational process conditions are hot water inlet temperature, efficiency of humidifier, and vapor absorption refrigerator's (VAR's) evaporator exit temperature. The focused results are desalination, cooling and energy utilization factor (EUF). The comparative study recommends the use of chilled water in the final stage. The two stage desalination with dehumidification by normal water in the first stage and chilled water in combined two stages improves the cycle EUF from 0.18 to 0.33. Out of 300 W of cooling generation, 100 W is used for dehumidification and the remaining 200 W is available for air conditioning process at 15 N⋅m³ h⁻¹ of air.     

Performance analysis of air cycle refrigerator integrated desiccant system for cooling and dehumidifying warehouse

In this paper, the performance of air cycle refrigerator integrated desiccant system used to cool and dehumidify warehouse is analyzed theoretically. Simulation analysis is carried out to calculate the system coefficient of performance, cooling effects and the humidity change under different values of pressure ratio, storage zone temperature inside dock and outdoor air conditions. Also, the effect of the air cycle and the rotor parameters on the system performance is evaluated. From the simulation result it is found that, the desiccant system has the ability to supply air to the dock area at very low humidity. The system coefficient of performance increases due to the exhaust heat recovery on the desiccant system, and this enhancement can be more than 100%. The coefficient of performance of the proposed system is greater than that of a conventional system under the same operating conditions.     

考虑热漏损失的实际空气制冷机制冷率密度优化

以制冷率密度作为热力性能目标,综合考虑热漏、热阻和循环内不可逆性,对不可逆简单空气制冷机进行分析,导出了制冷率密度和制冷系数解析关系式,对制冷率密度进行了优化,并由数值计算分析了热漏、压比、热导率分配等参数对制冷率密度的影响特点.     

冷却塔全运行周期内动态出水温度计算方法

冷却水的进水温度受到多方面因素的影响,其值在空调运行周期内是动态变化的。以重庆地区的冷却塔空调系统为研究对象,针对不同类型的公共建筑,提出了在不同运行模式下的全运行周期内冷却水温度的动态计算方法。该计算方法同时考虑了气象参数、负荷率及冷却塔运行模式对冷却水温度的影响。同时对不同类型建筑在不同影响因素下的冷却水温度进行了动态计算,以计算结果为基础,提出了冷却塔出水温度与负荷率的关系。最后通过实验对所提出的计算方法进行验证。计算值与实验值的平均相对误差小于5%。     

管式间接蒸发冷却器性能分析及数值方法

现有的管式间接蒸发冷却技术分析,其机理研究有待深入。虽然数值技术省时省力,但针对管式间接蒸发冷却空调的数值方法并不完善。通过对兰州地区管式间接蒸发冷却空调试验测试数据的反复比对验证,本文得到了较为合理的三维全尺寸数值模型和方法,得出结构参数、介质参数等众因素对空调器的性能均有较大影响。     

Experimental study of one-stage VM cryocooler operating below 8 K

The Vuilleumier (VM) refrigerator, known as heat driven refrigerator, is one kind of closed-cycle Stirling type regenerative refrigerator. The VM refrigerator with power being supplied by liquid nitrogen was proposed by Hogen and developed by Zhou, which shows great potential for development below 10 K. This paper describes the experimental development of a VM cryocooler operating below 8 K, which was achieved by using liquid nitrogen as a heat sink of middle cavity. The regenerator was optimized by using a part of metallic magnetic regenerator material Er₃Ni to replace the lead sphere and a no-load temperature of 7.8 K was obtained. Then all the lead spheres were replaced by Er_0.6Pr_0.4 material and a no-load temperature of 7.35 K was obtained, which is the lowest temperature for this kind of refrigerator reported so far. The cooling power at 10 K is about 500 mW with a pressure ratio near 1.6 and a charge pressure of 1.8 MPa. Especially, the magnetic material Er_0.6Pr_0.4 was found to be a potential substitution for the conventional lead.     

A closed cycle He-He dilution refrigerator insensitive to gravity

The cooling power and the lifetime of an open cycle dilution refrigerator as developed for the Planck mission (100 nW at 100 mK during 30 months) are limited by the quantity of the helium isotopes carried on the satellite at launch, because the helium mixture obtained after the dilution process is rejected into space. Future space missions require to increase the cooling power and lifetime significantly (1 μW at 50 mK during 5 years).Therefore we are extending the open cycle dilution refrigerator with a helium isotope separator operating at 1 K to close the cycle. A first prototype to demonstrate the principle of the closed cycle dilution refrigerator has been tested and a cooling power of 1 μW at temperatures below 60 mK has been obtained. We present the apparatus and the experimental results and give some elements for its integration in a complete cooling chain. The advantages (continuous operation, absence of magnetic field, less weight) of a closed cycle dilution refrigerator with respect to an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator are also discussed.     

GM/PT混合式制冷机二级蓄冷器的实验研究

二级脉冲管蓄冷器对GM／PT混合式制同制冷性能有较大影响。蓄冷器与脉冲管结构的布置形式对GM／PT混合式制冷机性能有着较大影响,蓄冷器体积与脉冲管体积之间存在着最佳比较,介绍了GM／PT混合式制冷机的结构和实验装置,分析了整机性能的影响因素,给出了不同结构与体积比下的实验降温曲线,并对实验结果进行了分析讨论。     

毛细管重力循环供冷装置的供冷性能研究

在同等条件测试空间内进行毛细管重力循环供冷方式（CGCC）和分体式空调器（PAC）的性能比较实验,并依据实验结果分析与评价毛细管重力循环供冷装置的供冷能力、舒适性和运行性能。其结果如下：重力循环供冷方式可以维持设计温度,并且不发生结露,由于此系统对地面结构具有蓄冷作用,因此其循环水泵和控制阀的开/关次数少于分体式空调器的开/关次数。另外,重力循环供冷方式可以有效缓解分体式空调器系统的吹风感现象。     

空气制冷机非稳态降温特性研究

以逆布雷顿回冷循环为实验流程，对实验工况下的空气制冷机非稳态降温特性进行了实验研究。建立了回冷空气制冷机非稳态数学模型，经与实验结果对比，验证了所建数学模型的合理性及实用性。研究结果为以后小型空气制冷机系统的开发和应用奠定了良好的基础。