特种氯丁橡胶在热空气及热海水中的老化与使用寿命预测

文中进行了特种氯丁橡胶在空气及海水中的实验室加速老化实验,研究了特种氯丁橡胶在不同温度和不同介质中老化的断裂伸长率随老化时间的变化规律,得到了该橡胶的断裂伸长率与老化时间之间的数学关系式,并通过计算预测了该橡胶的使用寿命。研究结果表明,在不同温度、不同介质中老化时,该橡胶的断裂伸长率随老化时间呈指数下降,预测得25℃该氯丁橡胶在海水及空气中的使用寿命分别为31.29年、40.02年。     

氟硅橡胶热空气老化过程中的非阿累尼乌斯行为EI北大核心CSCD

对氟硅橡胶进行了热空气加速老化试验,研究了氟硅橡胶在不同温度下的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、压缩永久变形保持率随老化时间、老化温度的变化规律。研究发现,氟硅橡胶以拉伸断裂伸长率和压缩永久变形为性能变化指标时,均出现非阿累尼乌斯行为,通过动态力学热分析研究了氟硅橡胶出现非阿累尼乌斯行为的原因。结果表明,氟硅橡胶的老化机理是在较低温度下以初期交联、后期降解为主;在较高温度下以降解为主。当以断裂伸长率及压缩永久变形为性能指标时,推测氟硅橡胶的使用寿命分别为37.1年和5.3年。     

氟硅橡胶热空气老化过程中的非阿累尼乌斯行为

对氟硅橡胶进行了热空气加速老化试验,研究了氟硅橡胶在不同温度下的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、压缩永久变形保持率随老化时间、老化温度的变化规律。研究发现,氟硅橡胶以拉伸断裂伸长率和压缩永久变形为性能变化指标时,均出现非阿累尼乌斯行为,通过动态力学热分析研究了氟硅橡胶出现非阿累尼乌斯行为的原因。结果表明,氟硅橡胶的老化机理是在较低温度下以初期交联、后期降解为主;在较高温度下以降解为主。当以断裂伸长率及压缩永久变形为性能指标时,推测氟硅橡胶的使用寿命分别为37.1年和5.3年。     

TZLD橡胶基体水声吸声复合材料在海水中的寿命预测

进行了TZLD橡胶为基体的水声吸声复合材料在海水中的实验室加速老化实验,研究了该类材料在海水中老化后的吸声性能、撕裂强度及硬度随老化时间的变化规律;在此基础上,计算了材料的老化动力学参数,并预测了材料的使用寿命。研究结果表明,该材料在40℃、60℃和95℃的海水中分别老化35d、45d,其吸声性能基本不变,不能根据吸声性能的变化预测材料的使用寿命。以撕裂强度和硬度为寿命预测指标,在常温(25℃)海水中该材料的使用寿命分别为29.79年和26.44年。     

聚氯乙烯薄膜使用寿命预测

文中对聚氯乙烯(PVC)薄膜在实际应用环境中的使用寿命进行了快速可靠的预测。通过加速寿命试验,以断裂伸长率下降至其初始值的50%为失效指标,对PVC薄膜在户外环境因子(紫外光和热)协同作用下的老化动力学进行了研究,利用威布尔统计方程分析老化失效数据,并使用Temperature-non-thermal模型建立外推关系式,确立了PVC薄膜的寿命-环境因子统计学关系式,模拟了PVC薄膜寿命分布在环境因子(热和强紫外光)协同作用下的变化规律。最后,应用上述寿命-环境因子关系式,对PVC薄膜在上海地区的户外使用寿命进行了预测,得出150μm厚的PVC薄膜曝露于上海地区时,户外使用寿命为13个月。     

固体推进剂储存老化力学性能双因素方差分析

采用单轴拉伸实验方法研究了固体推进剂力学性能的变化,并对结果进行双因素方差分析。测试结果表明:随老化时间延长,推进剂的抗拉强度和伸长率呈下降趋势;温度越高,下降趋势越明显;70 ℃下,抗拉强度和伸长率下降幅度明显大于50、60 ℃时。双因素方差分析显示,老化时间、老化温度对抗拉强度、伸长率、断裂能均存在显著影响。与老化温度相比,老化时间对固体推进剂力学性能产生的影响更显著。     

空调橡塑保温管热氧老化寿命研究

本文主要采用加速老化方法对空调发泡橡塑保温管材料的热氧老化性能进行了研究,并利用热重点斜法预测了材料在热空气老化环境下的使用寿命。结果表明,以断裂伸长率作为考察指标时,发泡橡塑保温管材料在50℃使用条件下性能衰减59.5%时可使用8.25年。     

交联聚乙烯海底电缆绝缘层热老化寿命及理化性质分析

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海底电缆绝缘层在热老化过程中使用寿命会受到影响,其微观理化性质也会产生变化。通过对未运行的海底XLPE电缆绝缘层进行模拟加速热老化试验,测定其断裂伸长率保留率,结合Arrhenius公式推导出其老化寿命。并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析其羰基指数、差示扫描量热法分析其结晶度,探究其老化的理化性质。研究表明,其热老化寿命能达到80年,并且羰基指数随着热老化时间的延长而增大,结晶度随热老化时间延长先增大后急剧减小;随着XLPE结晶度的升高,羰基指数增加,其断裂伸长率保留率减少。     

三元乙丙橡胶的热老化行为及其BP神经网络预测

通过对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)橡胶在70℃、80℃和90℃3个温度下的高温加速老化实验,测试其拉伸强度,断裂伸长率和压缩永久变形的物性值的保持率。建立了EPDM的热老化时间与其3种物性值之间的热老化行为规律关系。结果表明:以3种物性为基础,利用Arrhenius作图法推算出23℃下EPDM橡胶材料的使用寿命分别为316年、158.5年、78.5年。同时,利用BP神经网络预测EPDM橡胶在3个温度下的热老化行为,预测结果误差分别为10-3、10-4、10-5。     

农业节水灌溉器材滴灌带的老化寿命测试研究

通过将滴灌带暴露于户外自然气候环境中,进行自然条件下的老化,然后再在实验室中(要求实验室的温度为(23±2)℃,相对湿度为50%±10%)测试拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,并计算出拉伸强度保持率和断裂伸长率保持率。用DSC差式扫描量热仪测试产品氧化诱导时间,计算出氧化诱导时间保持率,通过拉伸性能保持率进行使用寿命预测,结合作物生长使用情况,得出滴灌带使用期限为在滴灌带在拉伸强度指标下降到70%时可在户外使用的时间为平均为7.41个月。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...