新型奥氏体耐热钢钝化膜的XPS谱研究

为了比较新型耐热钢CHDG-A钝化处理前后的耐腐蚀性能,以及研究钝化膜的组成,采用6％FeCl3溶液浸泡法研究了3种不同表面粗糙度的CHDG-A合金试样的抗点蚀能力,并用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了经硝酸钝化后合金表面钝化膜的主要成分.结果表明:表面粗糙度越大,合金的抗点蚀性能越差,而经过硝酸钝化后耐蚀性能大幅提高;钝化膜表面的主要成分是CrO3、Cr2O3、Fe2O3等氧化物,钝化膜内部主要为Cr2O3 Fe3O4、Cr单质、Fe单质、Ni单质等,Cr、Ni单质的存在有利于提高钝化膜的稳定性.     

镀锌层钼酸盐钝化膜腐蚀行为的研究

钼酸盐钝化能够显著提高镀锌层的耐腐蚀能力。一定工艺下获得的钼酸盐钝化膜的耐蚀性与铬酸盐钝化膜的耐蚀性相当,在酸性腐蚀介质下甚至可优于铬酸盐钝化。钼酸盐钝化中存在裂纹会降低钝化膜在中性盐雾腐蚀或盐水浸泡腐蚀中的耐蚀能力,而在酸性盐雾腐蚀下钝化膜的耐蚀能力则主要取决于钝化膜厚度。钼酸盐钝化膜能阻滞锌层在5％NaCl水溶液中腐蚀的阴极过程,使腐蚀电流显著减小。     

铜在甲胺-铁氰化钾化学机械抛光液中的腐蚀与钝化

用电化学测试技术研究了腐蚀介质和成膜剂浓度对铜表面的腐蚀与钝化成膜的影响,分析了钝化膜的成分,探讨了钝化膜在抛光压力和转速作用下的磨损与表面再钝化的行为,测量了铜在化学机械抛光过程中的极化曲线。结果表明铜在甲胺溶液介质铁氰化钾抛光液中易钝化,钝化膜的主要成分为Cu4[Fe(CN)6],有少量Cu20存在。钝化膜的磨损特性随成分浓度不同而不同。钝化膜的磨损难易程度与钝化膜的本身特性、抛光压力及转速有关。抛光过程中因钝化膜被磨损,腐蚀加快,腐蚀电流密度大幅增加。配方0．1％甲胺溶液 0．5％K3Fe(CN)6 5％Al2O3可行。     

模拟不同浓度Cl-对14Cr12Ni3WMoV不锈钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明Cl-浓度对汽轮机末级叶片常用钢腐蚀的影响,通过动电位极化法、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线、激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜等方法分析了在不同Cl-浓度模拟溶液中14Cr12Ni3WMoV马氏体不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:随着Cl-浓度的不断增大,不锈钢钝化膜点缺陷增加,稳定性下降,点蚀敏感性增...     

溅射CoCrAlY涂层对Ni3Al金属间化合物热腐蚀抗力的影响

采用电化学方法并结合物相分析技术研究了溅射CoCrAlY涂层对Ni_3Al金属间化合物热腐蚀抗力的影响。结果表明,Ni_3Al金属间化合物的耐蚀性能极差,合金表面没有形成Al_2O_3保护膜。CoCrAlY涂层表面形成了富铝氧化膜,明显改善了Ni_3Al金属间化合物的耐蚀性能。     

氮合金化堆焊硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能研究

在马氏体不锈钢中加入氮合金,并通过铌、钒、钛固氮形成氮合金化堆焊硬面合金,进行了电化学腐蚀和化学侵蚀实验,研究了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:堆焊硬面合金的氮合金化,抑制了铬的碳化物的析出,有效增强了钝化膜的稳定性,使硬面合金的自腐蚀电位从-345mV提高到-264mV,增强了堆焊硬面合金抗电化学腐蚀性能;氮合金化堆焊硬面合金均匀细小的组织形态,使得在FeCl3溶液中发生点蚀的蚀坑小且分散,提高了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

铝锌合金在镁合金AZ91D中的扩渗机理及腐蚀性能研究

采用包埋铝和锌的方法在镁合金AZ91D表面制备了铝-锌合金化涂层,并且利用x射线衍射、能谱分析研究了该涂层的组织和耐腐蚀性能。该涂层外层为AlMg2Zn, Mg7Zn3 和Mg17Al12 金属间化合物层;内层为Mg17Al12金属间化合物分布于α-Mg晶界。研究表明,与镁合金基体相比较在质量分数为3.5wt.% NaCl扩渗层显示出较好的耐腐蚀性能。盐雾腐蚀说明,Al-Mg-Zn合金化扩渗层对于降低腐蚀速率起到有效作用。此外,合金化扩渗层与基体的结合是冶金结合,且涂层的显微硬度显著提高。     

铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性能

为了更好地了解铝合金型材经阳极氧化处理后的耐腐蚀情况,在相同条件下对6063型铝合金和阳极氧化样做铜加速乙酸盐雾腐蚀试验(CASS)并进行了对比.用电子天平测定腐蚀失重,用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对腐蚀微观形貌及腐蚀产物成分进行了分析.结果表明:阳极氧化膜为由阻挡层和多孔层组成的多孔性膜,能阻碍Cl-等的侵入,从而大幅度提高了铝合金的耐蚀性能;阳极氧化膜的腐蚀从晶界开始,蚀孔小且分布均匀,腐蚀质量损失与时间呈幂函数关系,在一定时间内腐蚀速率会呈现短暂增大趋势,随着腐蚀时间继续延长会出现再钝化过程,直至氧化膜完全腐蚀破裂,腐蚀产物由O,Al,P3种主要元素及少量的Cl,S元素组成.     

不同钝化工艺对S22053不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

针对同一种材料经不同钝化工艺处理后钝化膜的形成、耐蚀性的优劣、钝化后腐蚀行为的比较鲜有报道,为此,通过极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、临界点蚀温度、再钝化温度测试等方法考察了自然钝化、阳极钝化和酸洗钝化3种钝化工艺对S22053不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察了腐蚀前后试样表面的表面形貌。结果表明:阳极钝化和酸洗钝化都可以提高S22053不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能,采用20%(质量分数)硝酸酸洗钝化后不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能最好;不同钝化工艺对S22053不锈钢的点蚀电位影响并不显著,但会显著改变不锈钢的阻抗和临界点蚀温度;点腐蚀发生后腐蚀前沿有明显的沿晶腐蚀倾向,同时伴随有奥氏体晶粒的优先溶解。     

Mg-11Li-3Al-0.5RE合金在碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性

用静态失重法、动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱等方法研究了Mg-11Li-3Al-0.55RE合金在碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明:在碱性NaCl溶液中,随着Cl<'-浓度的升高,合金的平均腐蚀速率增大,腐蚀电流增大,体系中Rsol、Rt、Rf减小,腐蚀严重;当溶液的碱性增强时,合金的点蚀电位正移,表面膜钝化作用增强,Rf提高,同时Rt和Rsol增大,减缓了腐蚀的进行;在合金表面生成的腐蚀产物主要成分为Mg(OH)2、Al2O3和Li2O2;Mg-11Li-3Al-0.5RE合金的腐蚀以点蚀为主,逐渐向基体内部和四周扩大,形成较深的蚀坑.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...