α-晶型碱式氯化铜的水环境效应研究

分别采用静态法和生长抑制法进行了α-晶型碱式氯化铜对水生生物模糊网纹蚤(Ceriodaphnia dubia)、呆鲦鱼(Pimephalespromelas)、月牙藻(Selenastrum bibraianum)和斜生栅列藻(Scenedesmus oblignus)的毒性试验,旨在明确α-晶型碱式氯化铜在水环境中对水生生物的毒性效应,为碱式氯化铜的生态评价提供安全依据。结果表明,碱式氯化铜对模糊网纹蚤48 h半数致死浓度(48 h LC50)、呆鲦鱼96 h半数致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为29.7 mg.L-1、39.25 mg.L-1,对月牙藻72 h生长抑制浓度(72 h EC50)、斜生栅列藻96 h生长抑制浓度(96 h EC50)分别为11.1 mg.L-1、101 mg.L-1。以上结果表明,α-晶型碱式氯化铜不具有水生生物毒性。     

菱形藻生长及运动状态对农药草甘膦原粉的毒性响应

[目的]以淡水底栖硅藻(Nitzschia amplectens Hustedt)为受试藻,研究农药草甘膦原粉对其生长和运动状态的响应。[方法]以96 h EC50值、叶绿素a含量、运动状态等指标研究草甘膦对受试藻的毒性。[结果]草甘膦对受试藻96 h EC50值为29 mg/L;草甘膦对受试藻叶绿素a含量最大抑制率63.79%;运动状态随质量浓度增长受到抑制,2~5 d最明显。[结论]评价毒物对水环境的影响,浮游和底栖两类生物都应考虑在内。受试藻叶绿素a含量对草甘膦反应敏感。受试藻的运动状态可综合指示草甘膦毒性。     

苯醚甲环唑对水生生物急性毒性评价

[目的]评价苯醚甲环唑对水生生物的毒性影响。[方法]采用藻类生长抑制试验法、静态水溞类急性活动抑制试验法、半静态水鱼类毒性试验法,分别研究苯醚甲环唑常用剂型对斜生栅藻、大型溞和斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。[结果]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻生长抑制EC50(72 h)值分别为1.58、1.13、0.353、1.18 mg a.i./L,对大型溞急性活动抑制的EC50(48 h)值分别为4.07×10-2、0.219、0.461、0.717 mg a.i./L,对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50(96 h)值分别为2.64、4.75、0.777、7.05×10-2mg a.i./L。[结论]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻均为中等毒性,对大型溞的毒性等级依次为剧毒、高毒、高毒、高毒,对斑马鱼的毒性等级依次为中毒、中毒、高毒、剧毒。     

转光膜在雨生红球藻养殖上的应用

通过对雨生红球藻在不同光质条件下生长的比较,确定了红色光有利于藻生长,进而用2.5 L气升式光照反应器在转光膜及普通PE膜下培养藻进行对比,结果显示雨生红球藻生物量、色素、光合活性等几项生物指标在转光膜条件下明显高于普通PE膜. 在气升式反应器内培养的藻细胞,接种9 d,虾青素含量可达3.57 mg/L,叶绿素浓度达到12.42 mg/L,干重提高8.8%以上.     

高效氯氟氰菊酯对普通小球藻的毒性

[目的]通过高效氯氟氰菊酯在不同质量浓度下光合色素及SOD等生物量变化试验,了解高效氯氟氰菊酯对普通小球藻的毒性效应,为评价该药剂对水生生物的影响提供一定的理论依据。[结果]试验结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯对普通小球藻的抑制中浓度为105.71 mg/L,普通小球藻体内光合色素含量及SOD活力的随药剂质量浓度的变化均发生了变化。[结论]随着药剂处理质量浓度的增加,普通小球藻光合色素含量逐渐减少,SOD活力也随着药剂质量浓度的增加而急剧下降,且药剂对普通小球藻的毒性属于低毒。     

水环境中草甘膦对塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻的毒性效应

[目的]以江苏海州湾常见微藻塔胞藻(Pyramidomonas delicatula)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为受试藻,研究水环境中草甘膦对2种微藻的致毒胁迫效应。[方法]以叶绿素a含量、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究2种海洋微藻的生长及细胞内抗氧化系统对草甘膦致毒胁迫的响应。[结果]草甘膦质量浓度高于6.15 mg/L,对2种微藻表现出明显抑制作用,塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻10.25 mg/L组培养至7 d,分别为对照组的5.9%、6.4%;96 h培养时间内,草甘膦对塔胞藻及塔玛亚历山大藻叶绿素a含量的影响表现在降低叶绿素a的合成量,呈现显著的质量浓度-剂量效应;低质量浓度草甘膦对2种微藻的SOD活性均表现诱导性上升,在10.25 mg/L恢复对照组水平;草甘膦对2种微藻的CAT活性表现微弱抑制;2种微藻体内MDA含量随草甘膦处理质量浓度增加而显著增长,塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻在10.25 mg/L试验组达最高值,均为对照组16倍之多。[结论]高质量浓度(≥6.15 mg/L)的草甘膦可以有效抑制海洋微藻抗氧化酶活性,对塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻具有强烈的致毒效应,不同的海洋微藻对农药残留致毒胁迫的响应存在较大的种属差异性。旨在提示农药污染对水环境破坏的严重性,揭示海洋微藻作为环境毒理学评价指标的潜在应用。     

热处理法提取微藻胞外聚合物的条件

以小球藻和斜生栅藻为研究对象,考察了水浴加热提取法对微藻EPS提取的适用性及最适条件,重点考察了水浴温度和水浴时间对提取过程的影响。小球藻及斜生栅藻在BG11培养基中生物量增长曲线符合Logistic增长模型。随着水浴温度的升高,多糖、蛋白质及DNA的含量均有所升高,80℃下提取胞外聚合物效果最好。随着加热时间的延长,多糖、蛋白质的含量随之增加。综合考虑试验效率,最适水浴时间为30 min。最优提取条件下(水浴温度为80℃,加热时间为30 min),小球藻EPS中多糖、蛋白质、DNA的相对含量分别为35.03、4.50 mg/g和0.99 mg/g;斜生栅藻EPS中多糖、蛋白质、DNA的相对含量分别为24.56、5.74 mg/g和0.85 mg/g。     

土壤铬污染和腐植酸对李氏禾生长和光合生理的影响

正以李氏禾为例,研究了腐植酸(HA)和铬(Cr)相互作用对李氏禾生长及光合生理的影响。结果表明:在同一Cr浓度处理下,李氏禾株高、地上部干质量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、总叶绿素含量随HA浓度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。在同一腐植酸浓度处理下,Cr100、Cr200的株高、地上部干质量、地下部干质量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、初始荧光F_0、     

除草剂莠去津对7种藻类的生长抑制

运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准试验方法,采用计算器拟合法、概率单位法和统计软件SPSS的概率回归过程进行数据处理。由3种统计方法分别得到莠去津对7种藻类生长抑制的96h半数效应浓度（EC50,并由计算器拟合法得到莠去津对7种藻类的24、48、72、96h的EC50。结果表明莠去津对7种藻类均属高毒,对它们的生长抑制效应由强到弱分别为斜生栅藻、柱孢鱼腥藻、莱哈衣藻、菱形藻、普通小球藻、羊角月牙藻和镰形纤维藻,对藻类的毒性与作用持续的时间相关。     

20%异噁唑草酮悬浮剂对斜生栅藻生长抑制的研究

以斜生栅藻为试验用藻,测定了20%异唑草酮悬浮剂对斜生栅藻的生长抑制率和生物量抑制率,研究其对斜生栅藻的毒性。在试验条件下,异唑草酮对斜生栅藻的抑制作用明显,其E_yC_(50)值、E_rC_(50)值分别为26.7μg/L、119μg/L,二者均小于0.3 mg/L,对斜生栅藻高毒。因此,该农药在配制和使用过程中应避免污染水体。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。