LaBr_3:Ce~(3+)闪烁晶体研究进展

以铈离子Ce3+激活的LaBr3晶体(LaBr3:Ce3+)是近年来发现的一种新型无机闪烁体材料,较高的光产额、较好的能量分辨率、较快的衰减时间等优良性质,使其成为NaI(Tl)等传统闪烁体材料有力的竞争者。论文通过重点比较LaBr3:Ce3+晶体与NaI(Tl)晶体的性质,同时列举实例说明它的应用,力求比较全面地反映LaBr3:Ce3+晶体的性质。     

CdWO4、CsI( Tl)和PbWO4晶体在9MeV工业CT中探测效率比较

为找出更适合于9 MeV加速器工业CT系统应用的闪烁晶体,对常用的工业CT闪烁晶体CdWO4、CsI(Tl)、PbWO4在系统上进行了实验.利用CCD相机、准直器、闪烁晶体等组成探测系统,在同一实验条件下对截面积相同,长度为25 mm～45 mm的CsI(Tl)、CdWO4、PbWO4晶体在同一位置的探测计数进行反复测...     

CsI(Tl)探测器对带电粒子能量响应的入射位置依赖关系

在放射性核束物理的实验研究中,通常采用CsI(Tl)探测器对反应产物中的带电粒子进行总能量测量.使用GEANT4软件对CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器能量响应通进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,在考虑了晶体外表面包覆材料反射率、耦合光敏二极管面积、射程等影响因素后,重点研究了CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器对带电粒子能量响应的入射位置依赖关系....     

闪烁探测器的某些发展

闪烁探测器应用的发展,对闪烁体的性能不断提出新的、更高的要求,促进了新闪烁体的研制并推动了闪烁探测技术的发展。 无机闪烁体,尤其是高密度闪烁体的研制取得了较大的进展,高密度闪烁体有CsI(Na),CsI(T1),BGO,BSO(Bi_4Si_4O_(12)),GSO(Ce)(Gd_2SiO_5:Ce),CdWO_4,CaF_2(Eu),BaF_2,CeF_3和CsF等,除CsI(Na),     

LaBr_3(Ce)与NaI(Tl)闪烁探测器的性能研究与比较

以铈离子激活的溴化澜晶体(La Br3:Ce3+)是近年来发现的一种新型无机闪烁体材料,因其具有较高的光产额、较好的能量分辨率、较快的衰减时间等优良性质,对溴化镧和碘化钠闪烁晶体进行了对比性实验研究,用137Cs、60Co等标准源在低本底铅室中测量了γ能谱。通过对比,重点讨论了La Br3(Ce)与Na I(Tl)闪烁探测器的能量分辨率和能量线性等性能指标。     

非真空坩埚下降法生长CsI(Tl)晶体的闪烁性能

研究了用非真空铂坩埚下降法生长的CsI(Tl)晶体的在紫外和γ射线激发下的光致发光和光衰减特征,探索了CsI(Tl)晶体的发光强度和发光不均匀性与Tl离子含量和分布之间的关系以及改善晶体发光均匀性的措施.并对CsI(Tl)晶体在γ射线辐照下光输出随积分时间和辐照剂量的变化做了分析和讨论.实验表明,用这种方法所生长的CsI(Tl)晶体的发射波长、衰减时间和辐照硬度与其他方法生长的同类晶体相同.     

闪烁体的温度效应

本文介绍了测量闪烁体温度效应的装置及方法,给出了NaI(Tl)、CsI(Tl)、ZnS(Ag),锂玻璃,蒽及塑料等六种闪烁体的温度依赖关系,并着重对NaI(Tl)闪烁体的温度效应进行了分析。     

BRISOL弱束流剖面成像仪的实验研究

本文介绍了北京放射性核束装置同位素在线分离器中弱束流剖面成像仪的研制情况,包括装置的组成、图像的获取和发光材料CsI对束流的光学响应,给出了初步实验结果。实验结果表明,这种基于CsI(Tl)闪烁晶体的束流剖面成像的方法可用于同位素在线分离器的调束。     

LaBr_3:Ce(5%)闪烁探测器的MC研究

近年来一种采用LaBr3:Ce晶体的闪烁探测器被研发出来,这种新型探测器比NaI(Tl)探测器具有更高的能量分辨率,在662 keV大约为3%。利用蒙特卡罗通用程序MCNP4C分别模拟计算了LaBr3:Ce晶体和NaI(Tl)晶体的γ能谱,模拟能谱与相应的实验测量能谱符合很好。研究还发现晶体尺寸大小对能量分辨率没有影响,能量分辨率不随晶体体积的增加而提高。同样晶体尺寸下通过模拟探测不同入射能量γ射线的峰总比R(E)计算值与NaI(Tl)晶体的模拟值和实验值比较发现,LaBr3:Ce晶体对中高能量γ射线的探测效率较高,而在较低能量时探测效率低于NaI(Tl)晶体。     

自制CsI(Tl)晶体的光输出非均匀性

实验测试了中国科学院近代物理研究所制备的9根大尺寸闪烁晶体样品(40mm×40mm×300mm)的光输出及其非均匀性。使用了多种光反射材料和包装方法对样品进行包装,对其光输出及其非均匀性进行测试。对实验数据进行分析,确定了大尺寸晶体的最佳读出端和包装方法。在测试中,所有CsI(Tl)闪烁晶体样品的光输出非均匀性均好于7%,部分样品可达到2%左右。结合本次实验结果,对影响CsI(Tl)晶体光输出非均匀性的因素进行了简要分析。     

Maximum scintillation yields in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals estimated from the scintillation model for liquid rare gases

The maximum scintillation yields in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals were estimated theoretically by applying the scintillation model for liquid rare gases to crystal scintillators. Average energies required to produce one scintillation photon in the maximum scintillation yield, W_so, were estimated to be 10.6 ± 0.3 or 11.6 ± 0.3 eV for NaI(Tl) and 11.6 ± 0.3 or 12.5 ± 0.3 eV for CsI(Tl). The new experiment on scintillation yields gives W_so of 10.8 ± 2.0 eV for NaI(Tl) and 11.3 ± 2.1 or 9.3 ± 1.7 eV for CsI(Tl). The values show good agreement with the theoretical estimations. These results demonstrate that the scintillation model in liquid rare gases is applicable to inorganic scintillators such as NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals.     

Modern detectors for radiation monitors

The possibilities of using modern photon and neutron detectors for developing radiation monitors, specifically, LaBr₃, Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂, CdWO₄, LiI, ZnO, Lu₂SiO₅(Ce), CdTe, and HgI₂, microtubes from organic scintillators, nanomaterials, and detectors based on gaseous and solid-state electronic multipliers are examined. A comparison is made of conventional detectors based on NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl), plastic scintillators, and ³He counters. The advantages of the new detectors are better energy resolution, high detection efficiency, low supply voltage, processing convenience, and cost. These detectors will increase the sensitivity of radiation monitors in monitoring unauthorized transport of nuclear and other radioactive materials, identify in real time the materials being monitored, and simplify the detecting apparatus and the development of monitors.     

Scintillation properties of RbGd2Br7:Ce.Advantages and limitations

The scintillation properties of RbGd₂Br₇ crystals, doped with Ce³⁺ concentrations of 0.02, 0.11, 0.88, 2.05, 4.1, and 9.8%, are studied under X-ray and γ-quanta excitations. For the RbGd₂Br₇ sample doped with 9.8% Ce, the authors measured a light yield of 56000±6000 photons per MeV of absorbed γ-ray energy with a main decay time of 43±1 ns, using a Hamamatsu R1791 photomultiplier (PMT), a ¹³⁷Cs radioactive source, and a shaping time of 10 μs. A time resolution of 790±10 ps was measured for the RbGd₂Br₇:9.8% Ce compound, using BaF₂ as second scintillator, two XP2020Q PMTs, a ²²Na source, and an energy threshold set at E⩾511 keV. With the R1791 PMT, an energy resolution of 4.1% (FWHM over peak position) for the 662-keV full absorption peak has been observed for two crystals of 7×4×2 mm³ and 15×5×1 mm³ with 4.1 and 9.8% Ce content, respectively. Moreover, the nonproportional responses of three RbGd₂Br₇:Ce compounds with different concentrations (0.11, 2.05, and 9.8%) were studied revealing an almost-constant light output response from 17.4 keV to 1 MeV. These properties are compared to three other well-known scintillators: NaI:Tl, CsI:Tl, and Lu₂SiO₅:Ce     

Development of a direction finding gamma-ray detector

This paper describes a direction finding gamma-ray detector, which consists of three different scintillators; NaI (Tl), CsI (Tl) and BGO. The detector positively increases directional sensitivity to incident gamma-rays, and can measure direction, energy and number of gamma-rays. This detector will be useful to carry out monitoring of nuclear power plants or radiation facilities in emergencies. It will be also effective in searching for radiation sources such as radioisotopes and radioactive contaminations. Experimental results have shown the proposed directional detector has a potential for practical use in real fields and will contribute to radiation emergency preparedness.     

PIXE characterization of CsI(Tl) scintillators used for particle detection in nuclear reactions

Particle-Induced X-ray Emission has been used to measure Thallium concentration in several CsI(Tl) scintillators from different manufacturers, in order to check their nominal declared values and correlate their behaviour with actual Tl concentration. Indeed, both Tl doping level and its uniformity affect light emission of these detectors, which are largely employed in nuclear physics experiments.In some of the examined crystals Tl concentration values from PIXE measurements came out to be quite different from those declared. This allowed us to explain apparent anomalies in the trend of their α/γ-induced light yield ratio versus Tl content. In some cases, the presence of unexpected contaminants was also pointed out.     

Comparison of Pulse Shape Discrimination Methods for Phoswich and CsI:Tl Detectors

Comparison of four pulse shape discrimination (PSD) methods was performed on the same digitized pulses from two different detector configurations. Beta/gamma discrimination of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs was performed using a phoswich detector made of BC400 and BGO scintillators. Alpha/gamma discrimination of ²¹⁰Po and ¹³⁷Cs was performed using a CsI:Tl scintillation crystal. The pulse waveforms were digitized with a DGF-4C and analyzed offline with IGOR Pro software. The four pulse shape discrimination methods that were compared include: constant fraction discrimination (CFD), rise time discrimination (RTD), constant time discrimination (CTD), and charge comparison (CC). The CTD method resulted in a spillover of 9.2% (Figure of Merit, FOM=3.9) and 0.25% (FOM=3.2), while the CC method resulted in a spillover of 9.9% (FOM=3.3) and 0.033% (FOM=3.7) for the phoswich and CsI:Tl detectors, respectively. Although the CTD results in the lowest spillover for high signal-to-noise pulses, the optimized CC method, as implemented here, appears to be the best PSD method overall. Analysis of the reciprocal of the pulse shape data typically resulted in a significantly higher FOM than conventional methods with no reduction in spillover. This simple mathematical transformation of the pulse shape data illustrates that the FOM may not be a good scheme for the quantification of PSD     

Recent Developments in Scintillation Detectors for X-Ray CT and Positron CT Applications

The scintillation detectors considered in present and future instrumentation for XCT and PCT diagnostic imaging are Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), CdWO4, Low Afterglow CsI(Tl) and CsF. These crystals with the exception of BGO have been known to scintillate as far back as NaI(Tl); their importance emphasized by their current use in CT application is relatively new. Recent improvements in purification, growth and performance characteristics present new and valuable data to the instrument designer. An evaluation and comparison of their properties vis à vis suitability for CT applications with particular emphasis on detector efficiency, light conversion, afterglow, timing, emission spectra, and general handling properties are examined and discussed. Future trends and possible replacement by other scintillators are commented on.     

(α、γ)分辨在测量CsI(Tl)晶体固有放射性本底中的应用

描述了通过CAMAC－微机进行数据采集,用电荷比较法测量CsI（Tl）晶体的（α、γ）分辨性能的方法;同时利用此方法测量了CsI（Tl）晶体固有放射性含量,估算了晶体内^238U和6232Th的含量。     

Well-type phoswich counter for low-flux X-ray/γ-ray detection

Phoswich counters that can detect low-flux hard-X-ray/γ-ray from localized sources are described. The counter consists of a small inorganic scintillator with a fast decay time (the detection part) glued to the interior bottom surface of a well-shaped block of another inorganic scintillator with a slow decay time (the shielding part). The first model counter was built by using a new scintillator, gadolinium silicate (GSO), in the decision part and CsI(Tl) in the shielding part. A detector system consisting of 64 such phoswich counters (total area ~740 cm²) was flown onboard a balloon, setting a limit to the ⁵⁷Co line flux from SN 1987A, at ~10^-4 cm^-2 s The sensitivity for continuum flux was around a few ×10 ^-6 cm^-2 s^-1 keV^-1 between 100 and 200 keV. In the second model, CsI(Tl) was replaced by bismuth germanate (BGO), and radioactive contaminations in GSO were reduced. Improvements are planned to reach a sensitivity (3σ) around 5×10^-7 cm^-1 s^-1 keV^-1 for the continuum