多波叠前联合反演方法

叠前参数较好地弥补了叠后参数信息模糊和多解性强的弱点,若同时对转换波的叠前信息进行解释,将增强解释成果的可靠性。多波叠前联合反演同时使用纵波和横波数据的AVO信息,通过近似处理,将反问题简化为线性问题,进行纵横波速度、密度和阻抗比值参数反演。对常用的3种方法进行了对比分析,归纳了其适用条件,通过实验,数值上验证了纵波信息比横波信息反演精度更高,密度信息误差最大;大角度的AVO观测数据、大的上下层差异更有利于反演;指出了Fatti近似公式能稳定地获取阻抗信息。实际资料试算表明方法是可行的。     

P-P波AVO近似对比研究:定性分析

根据已发表的 AVO(Amplitude versus offset)文献资料 ,对基于 Zoeppritz方程的 13种 P- P波反射系数近似进行了系统归纳和总结 ,将其分成了 8大类 ,并讨论了各种近似的内在联系。同时 ,对各种近似的实质、产生背景、假设条件、特点及其在参数反演中的作用等进行了详尽的对比和评述。通过定性分析对比发现 :基于射线参数、幂级数及基于拉梅常数的近似公式可以描述具有大反差的弹性参数界面上的 P- P反射 ,特别适合于弹性参数的定量反演 ;AVO属性提取中所使用的背景速度信息的精度将影响反演的精度和可靠性。另外 ,根据弹性参数和波速之间的关系 ,可以在各种近似公式之间进行一定的转换。这些结论将对合理地利用 AVO信息来反演地壳岩性参数和进行油气储层预测有所帮助     

P—P波AVO近似对比研究：定性分析

根据已发表的AVO（Amplitude versus offset)文献资料，对基于Zoeppritz方程的13种P－P波反射系数近似进行了系统归纳和总结，将其分成了8大类，并讨论了各种近似的内在联系。同时，对各种近似的实质、产生背景、假设条件、特点及其在参数反演中的作用等进行了详尽的对比和评述。通过定性分析、对比发现：基于射线参数、幂级数及基于拉梅常数的近似公式可以描述具有大反差的弹性参数界面上的P－P反射，特别适合于弹性参数的定量反演；在AVO属性提取中所使用的背景速度信息的精度将影响反演的精度和可靠性。另外，根据弹性参数和波速之间的关系，可以在各种近似公式之间进行一定的转换。这些结论将对合理地利用AVO信息来反演地壳岩性参数和进行油气储层预测有所帮助。     

多分量地震联合AVO/AVA反演在垦71井区的应用

鉴于多分量地震联合反演同时利用纵波和转换横波地震信息,可提高反演的稳定性和准确性。本文提出一种纵波、转换横波联合AVO/AVA反演方法,该方法将纵波、转换波地震AVO/AVA分析与地震反演相结合,采用模拟退火全局优化技术,通过匹配纵波和转换波地震数据的振幅和时间信息估算地层弹性参数。将该方法应用于胜利油田垦71井区实际多波地震数据处理,得到了较高精度的弹性参数,为研究区岩性预测和流体检测提供了可靠依据。     

P—SV波AVO分析

参照 Aki和 Richards的近似方法 ,本文对 Zoeppritz方程所描述的 P- SV波反射系数公式的角度项进行了泰勒展开 ,并保留了密度和速度的二阶项 ,得出一个新的反射系数近似公式。对 4个三层含气砂岩模型的定量计算表明 ,该近似公式所得出的计算结果在入射角小于 4 0°时与由 Zoeppritz方程给出的精确解吻合得很好 ,甚至优于 Aki和 Richards公式的近似效果 ,很适合大入射角的 AVO参数反演和理论研究。以新的近似公式为基础 ,文中分别从不同岩性参数表示的转换波反射系数、P- SV转换波的 AVO加权叠加方法及 P- P波和 P- SV波AVO联合反演等三个方面深入讨论了利用该近似公式进行岩性参数反演的过程     

P-SV转换波AVO加权叠加反演

本文从P-SV转换波反射系数幂级数近似公式出发，给出了多个由不同参数组合表示的P-SV转换波反射系数近似式，并探讨了利用这些近似式进行AVO加权叠加参数反演的理论和方法。不同理论模型的加权叠加反演结果表明，在利用P-SV转换波AVO进行加权叠加反演时，直接反演纵横波速度、密度以及波阻抗信息具有较大的误差；若直接反演剪切模量△μ／μ和△(μδ)／(μδ)型流体因子，则不仅具有很高的精度，而且反演结果稳定，适用于P-SV转换波和多波AVO参数反演。     

纵波与转换横波联合AVO反演估计横波速度和密度

横波速度和密度是储层特征描述的重要弹性参数,然而,传统的仅用纵波资料三参数反演横波速度和密度的方法存在反演不稳定和反演结果不精确的问题。为此,文中提出纵波和转换横波联合AVO反演的方法来估计横波速度和密度,即推导出仅含有横波速度和密度参数的纵波反射系数近似式,该近似式和Aki-Richards的转换横波反射系数近似式有相同的目标参数。该方法充分利用了接收的多波多分量地震资料中的纵波、转换横波波场信息,减少了AVO反演结果的多解性,为储层特征描述提供更加准确的横波速度和密度参数。模型数据测试验证了该方法的准确性,在合成数据中加噪测试表明,该方法有较高的稳定性,同时实际资料测试表明该方法具有实用性。     

基于贝叶斯理论的VTI介质多波叠前联合反演

以VTI介质Ruger近似反射系数公式为基础,研究了多波叠前多参数联合反演方法。该方法以VTI介质Ruger近似公式为AVO正演方程,联合应用转换波和纵波数据,利用最小二乘原理构建目标函数来反演密度比、速度比、各向异性参数差等5个参数。在反演过程中引入贝叶斯理论,假定先验信息服从高斯分布,待求参数服从改进的Cauchy分布,并对待求参数去除相关性。对某地区地层模型正演的多波数据和含噪声数据分别采用本文方法进行了反演,与单独利用纵波数据反演的结果相比,联合反演的结果精度更高、抗噪能力更强、稳定性更好。模型数据测试结果验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

多波AVO/AVA双反演方法在垦71地区的应用

本文分析了多波AVO/AVA双反演方法。将纵波、转换波地震AVO/AVA分析与地震反演相结合,采用模拟退火全局优化技术,通过匹配纵波和转换波地震数据的振幅和时间信息估算地层弹性参数。利用该反演方法在垦71地区实际应用中得到了高精度的弹性参数,实际效果显著,为研究区岩性预测和流体检测提供了新的依据。     

纵波和转换波联合反演技术在松辽盆地北部LMD地区的应用

常规纵波反演技术基于纵波地震资料,反演结果具有多解性。纵波和转换波联合反演技术基于纵波和转换波地震资料,由于增加了转换波地震资料这一约束条件,大大降低了反演结果的多解性,从而提高了储层预测的精度。纵波和转换波联合反演方法的基本原理是,通过建立纵波和转换波的反射系数线性方程,基于三维三分量地震资料,计算地层的纵波阻抗、横波阻抗和密度的反射率。首先基于正演模型,讨论了反演方法的精度;然后基于松辽盆地北部LMD地区的三维三分量地震资料,针对某气顶型油藏进行了反演,反演结果与实际地质特征吻合。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.