Ru对单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响

为了研究Ru在含Re单晶高温合金的作用,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜以及电子拉伸实验机对不同Ru含量的三种单晶高温合金的拉伸性能和变形组织及形貌进行观察和分析,研究结果表明:三种合金随着Ru含量的增加,合金热处理态γ′相尺寸逐渐减小,立方度明显增加。900℃下的拉伸实验表明随着Ru含量的增加,合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度都略有增加。900℃下三种合金的断裂方式均为纯剪切型断裂。变形机制为位错切割γ′位错对夹着反相畴界模式。因此,Ru的加入略微增加了合金的强度,但没有改变合金的变形机制和断裂特征。     

单晶镍基合金高温烃期间的组织结构及演化

通过测定［００１］取向单晶镍基合金的蠕变曲线，结合ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ观察表明，合金中组织结构的变化对蠕变抗力有明显影响。蠕变Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段，蠕变的微观机制是位移的攀移；蠕变第三阶段，位错大量切入筏状γ＇相中，降低了合金的蠕变抗力，发现交替滑移使筏状γ＇相扭曲，致使γ＇／γ两相界面产生空穴或微裂纹，是蠕变断裂的直接原因。     

两种“W替Re”型低成本第二代镍基单晶高温合金的高温持久变形机制

用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察两种“W替Re”型低成本第二代镍基单晶高温合金分别在982℃/248 MPa和1070℃/137 MPa条件下持久变形断裂后的微观组织，研究了其变形的机制。结果表明，两种合金的持久性能均达到第二代单晶高温合金的水平；持久变形断裂后γ’相连接并合并成“N型筏”结构，随着与距离断口位置的接近γ’相的扭曲变形程度加剧。在相同条件下8.5W+1.0Re合金γ’相的筏形化程度比8.0W+1.5Re合金低；与982℃/248 MPa条件相比，在1070℃/137 MPa下两种合金持久变形断裂后的界面位错网更加致密。在相同条件下，8.0W+1.5Re合金比8.5W+1.0Re合金的位错网更致密，8.5W+1.0Re合金在两条件下持久变形断裂后都能观察到剪切进γ’相的a<010>超位错；两种合金失稳断裂的主要原因是，γ基体中的a/2<110>位错剪切进入γ’相使筏形γ’相变形加剧，裂纹在γ/γ’界面处萌生和扩展，最终使合金断裂；γ/γ’两相界面上的位错网和a<010>超位错可在一定程度上提高合金的持久变形抗力。     

Ni基单晶高温合金的强化特点

本文研究一种在热腐蚀环境下工作的 Ni 基单晶高温合金错配度以及γ′筏状形成与性能的关系;通过蠕变和持久试验,研究合金的变形组织和强化特点。在变形过程中,基体运动位错遇γ′相受阻而在γ′相表面形成位错网络,这种位错结构在变形中形成了新的强化机制,提高了合金的蠕变抗力。     

一种4.5%Re镍基单晶合金在980℃蠕变期间的变形与损伤机制

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种Re含量为4.5%Re(质量分数,下同)的镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为、变形和损伤机制。结果表明,4.5%Re合金在980℃/300MPa的蠕变寿命为169h。蠕变初期,合金中立方γ′相转变为垂直于应力轴的N型筏状结构。稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。蠕变后期,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。由于γ基体通道较窄,位错在基体通道中滑移所需的阻力较大。剪切进入γ′相的110超位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成K-W锁,从而抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,这是合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。主/次滑移位错的交替开动,可致使筏状γ′相扭曲,并促使裂纹在筏状γ/γ′两相界面萌生;裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至断裂,这是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

钛酸锶钡薄膜中微观结构缺陷及其形成机理

采用脉冲激光沉积方法,在(001)单晶铝酸镧(LaAlO3)衬底上成功制备出钛酸锶钡(Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3)外延薄膜.利用高分辨电子显微学对其微观结构进行了详细研究,并探讨了其微观结构缺陷的形成机理.研究发现,在钛酸锶钡外延薄膜中存在失配位错和穿透位错,且存在直线型和锯齿型的两种反相畴界.失配位错是由于钛酸锶钡薄膜与LaAlO3单晶衬底之间存在较大的晶格失配形成的,可分解为不全位错;穿透位错可以分解为不全位错伴随有堆垛层错的形成.反相畴界的形成是由于衬底表面存在台阶,直线型反向畴界是由于形核点离台阶处较近产生的,而锯齿型反向畴界是由于形核点离台阶处较远而形成.研究结果可为其它钙钛矿型外延薄膜中微观结构缺陷的形成机理提供理论指导.     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

Fe-Ni基合金中次生η相的析出机理

针对奥氏体合金中次生η相与基体位向关系存在的不同看法，研究了铁镍基奥氏体合金大量次生η相的析出机理，结果表明，η相与基体之间有良好的共格关系：{001}η／／{111}γ，（110）γ／／（210）η．晶界η相首先在一般无规晶界γ＇相处通过不全位错滑移产生堆垛层错带的方式形核，之后通过原子控制长程扩散机制的台阶方式在基体中长大，进入晶界另一侧与之匹配差的晶粒中，晶界随之一起迁动．η相的析出伴随着附近区域γ＇相的溶解和消失．     

二次γ′相演化对DD6单晶高温合金蠕变性能的影响

采用FESEM和TEM研究二次γ′相演化对DD6单晶高温合金760℃/785 MPa和980℃/250 MPa蠕变性能的影响。结果表明：标准热处理的DD6合金经1120℃/4 h/AC处理，基体通道内析出二次γ′相。760℃/785 MPa蠕变时，基体通道内的二次γ′相在蠕变初期阻碍a/2〈011〉位错在基体通道内运动，促进{111}〈112〉滑移在一次γ′相开动，从而缩短孕育期时间，显著增加蠕变第一阶段应变和蠕变速率。980℃/250 MPa蠕变时，基体通道内的二次γ′相在蠕变初期快速回溶，二次γ′相对980℃/250 MPa蠕变行为基本没有影响。     

单晶镍基合金的层错能及其对蠕变机制的影响

通过对合金进行不同温度层错能的计算、蠕变性能测试及位错组态的衍衬分析,研究温度对单晶镍基合金层错能和蠕变机制的影响。结果表明:合金在760℃具有较低的层错能,其蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,切入γ′相的位错可分解形成(1/3)〈112〉位错+(SISF)层错的位错组态。随温度的提高,合金的层错能增大,合金在1070℃蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相。在980℃,合金的层错能介于760~1070℃之间,蠕变期间的主要变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,剪切进入γ′相的螺位错由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成(1/2)〈110〉不全位错+反向畴界(APB)的K-W锁位错组态,这种具有面角非平面芯结构的K-W锁可抑制位错的交滑移,提高合金的蠕变抗力。其中,蠕变期间较低的应变速率仅释放较少的形变热,不足以激活K-W锁中的位错在{111}面滑移,是K-W锁在980℃得以保留的主要原因。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from