自然循环固相强化沸腾传热的实验研究

本文将固体颗粒引入垂直列管热虹吸再沸器中，形成内部自然循环固相强化沸腾传热，对其传热特性进行了实验研究。重点考察了固相种类、直径、加入量对有机物系沸腾传热的强化效果。试验结果表明，固相强化后，传热系数较相同条件下汽液两相沸腾传热提高20％以上。     

精馏塔釜立式热虹吸再沸器传热设计的优化

介绍提高立式热虹吸再沸器管内传热系数的计算方法，提出此传热系数与汽化率的关系；分析其设计的优化。     

立式热虹吸再沸器的强化传热

在立式热虹吸再沸器的加热管中插入内管形成新型结构。对新型结构的立式热虹吸再沸器进行了可视化研究和传热性能的实验。探索了该装置内的两相流流型及传热系数、循环速率与热通量的关系。工作介质为水、乙醇、聚丙烯酰胺水溶液和苯乙烯。通过分析和实验袁明,新结构的立式热虹吸再沸器操作稳定,传热系数高,去垢作用强。     

立式热虹吸再沸器HTRI优化设计

立式热虹吸再沸器是间壁式换热器里计算最为复杂的一类换热器,结合工作实践,在分析工艺流体在再沸器换热管内物理变化过程和间壁换热器传热研究的基础上,利用HTRI软件对立式热虹吸再沸器进行优化设计。     

板壳式热虹吸再沸器的传热性能研究

本文对板壳式换热器的换热元件（矩形窄缝流进）内的流动沸腾传热进行了实验研究。在热虹吸流程的实验装置中测量了流动沸腾传热系数。与传统的管壳式热虹吸再沸器相比，传热系数明显提高。传热恶化点的干度较大，便于设计成高效的热虹吸再沸器。     

求两相流的传热系数

典型的两相流传热过程——立式热虹吸再沸器的计算方法,在化工单元操作设计参考资料传热专辑中有过详细介绍。但该法用时嫌繁琐,且需使用电子计算机。这里介绍的列线图法使用简便,精确度亦能满足一般工程上的需要。基本依据: Guerrieri和Talty将两相流在蒸发段的传热系数与单一液体对流的传热系数关联,得到下式:     

内热虹吸式再沸器

立式热虹吸再沸器内的流动不稳定性是一个严重问题.本文作者最近研制的内热虹吸再沸器能够解决上述问题.采用相同几何尺寸的石英管及铜管进行实验,前者有利于观察研究,后者则能提供更多的定量结果.工作介质为水、硫酸、三乙醇胺 重油、乙醇-水、甲醇-乙醇、乙醇-丙醇及其他一些混合物.在观察水在管内的流动特性试验中,用聚丙烯颗粒作为示踪粒子,其密度与水非常相近.研究的内容包括循环速率、流型、传热速率及结垢等问题.提出了一个流动模型及设计方法.计算结果可用来推算此沸腾设备内的两相流及传热特性.     

三相流重力热管冷凝段传热性能研究

为拓展三相流强化传热和防、除垢技术的应用领域,优化重力热管的传热性能,设计并构建了1套三相流闭式重力热管系统。考察了固含率、加热功率、充液率等参数对于三相流重力热管冷凝段传热性能的影响。结果表明,三相流重力热管可以强化传热。冷凝段对流传热系数随着加热功率的增加而增大,随着充液率的增加而减小。充液率较低时,冷凝段对流传热系数随着固含率的增加而增大;而当充液率较高时,随着固含率的增加,对流传热系数则呈现出先增加,后降低,然后再增加的变化趋势。     

立式热虹吸再沸器程序设计

本文采用曲线拟合法对立式热虹吸再沸器的传热过程和流体力学进行了模拟计算。将该程序应用于工程实践中，提高了经济效益，取得了令人满意的结果。     

TDI装置脱光气塔热虹吸再沸器强化循环改造

热虹吸再沸器主要依靠塔釜液与换热管内汽液两相流之间的密度差作为推动力,通常不能用于塔釜出料组成为宽沸程的物系。针对热虹吸再沸器的这一缺点,结合甲苯二异氰酸酯生产装置中脱光气塔的操作状况,提出了从塔下部引入一股轻组分进入再沸器的方法,以达到提高再沸器换热管内的汽化率、促进物料在再沸器循环的目的。通过模拟计算获得了最佳的操作条件,并在现场进行验证,表明此方法可行,扩展了热虹吸再沸器在塔釜物料为宽沸程物系的应用。     

Wall-to-bed heat transfer in liquid—solid and gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds part I: Liquid—solid fluidized beds

Experimental work was conducted to investigate the effect of particle size and particle density upon the wall-to-bed heat transfer characteristics in liquid—solid fluidized beds with a 95.6 mm column diameter over a wide range of operating conditions. The radial temperature profile was found to be parabolic, indicating the presence of a considerable bed resistance. The effective radial thermal conductivity and the apparent wall film coefficient were obtained on the basis of a series thermal resistance model. The modified Peclet number of the radial thermal conductivity decreases upon the onset of fluidization, has a minimum at a bed porosity of 0.6 to 0.7 and increases with further increase of bed porosity. The modified Peclet number decreases considerably with decreasing particle size or increasing particle density. The apparent wall heat transfer coefficient can be represented well by a Colburn j-factor correlation over a wide range of data as follows: j′_H = 0.137 Re′^?0.271 A close analogy is found to exist between the modified j-factor for wall heat transfer coefficient and that for wall mass transfer coefficient, in liquid—solid fluidized beds.     

Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 ...     

Numerical and experimental analyses of anti‐fouling and heat transfer in the heat exchanger with circulating fluidized bed

Fluidized bed type heat exchangers are known to increase the heat transfer and prevent the fouling. For proper design of circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger it is important to know the effect of design and operating parameters on the bed to the wall heat transfer coefficient. The numerical analysis by using CFX 11.0 commercial code was done for proper design of the heat exchanger. The present experimental studies were also conducted to investigate the effects of circulating solid particles on the characteristics of fluid flow, heat transfer, and cleaning effect in the fluidized bed vertical shell and tube type heat exchanger with counterflow, at which a variety of solid particles such as glass (3 mmØ), aluminum (2–3 mmØ), steel (2–2.5 mmØ), copper (2.5 mmØ), and sand (2–4 mmØ) were used in the fluidized bed with a smooth tube. Seven different solid particles have the same volume, and the effects of various parameters such as water flow rates, particle diameter, materials, and geometry were investigated. The present experimental and numerical results showed that the flow velocity range for collision of particles to the tube wall was higher with heavier density solid particles, and the increase in heat transfer was in the order of sand, copper, steel, aluminum, and glass. This behaviour might be attributed to the parameters such as surface roughness or particle heat capacity. Fouling examination using 25,500 ppm of ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) revealed that the tube inside wall is cleaned by a mild and continuous scouring action of fluidized solid particles. The fluidized solid particles not only keep the surface clean, but they also breakup the boundary layer improving the heat transfer coefficient even at low‐fluid velocities.     

Heat transfer in three-phase (G/L/S) circulating fluidized beds with low surface tension media

Characteristics of heat transfer were investigated in a three-phase circulating fluidized bed whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of gas and liquid velocities, particle size (0.5–3.0 mm), solid circulation rate (2.0–6.5 kg/m² s), and surface tension (47.53–72.75×10⁻³ N/m) of liquid phase on the heat transfer coefficient were examined. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient (h) between the immersed vertical heater and the riser proper of the three-phase circulating fluidized bed increased with increase in gas and liquid velocities, but did not change considerably with a further increase in liquid velocity, even in the higher range. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the size of fluidized solid particles without exhibiting the local minimum, which represented that there was no bed contraction in three-phase circulating fluidized beds due to the higher liquid velocity. The heat transfer system could attain a stabilized condition more easily with increase in particle size. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased with increase in solid circulation rate in all the cases studied due to the increase of solid holdup in the riser. The value of heat transfer coefficient decreased with increase in surface tension of liquid phase, due to the decrease of bubbling phenomena and bubble holdup. The decrease in liquid surface tension could lead to an increase in elapsed time from which the temperature difference between the heater surface and the riser became an almost constant value. The experimentally obtained values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.     

Total and gas convective heat transfer from a vertical tube to a mixed particle gas—solid fluidized bed

Experimental data were obtained for the average gas convective and total heat transfer coefficients for a vertical tube immersed in an air-fluidized bed of narrowly as well as widely distributed particle size mixtures. The gas convective heat transfer coefficient was determined by measuring the rate of mass loss from a vertical naphthalene tube 0.0262 m in diameter and 0.1012 m in length and using a heat and mass transfer analogy. These data were obtained at a bed temperature of about 330 K and superficial velocity of 0.1 to 1.1 m/s. The total heat transfer coefficients were measured under identical conditions using an electrically heated vertical tube. The total heat transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in particle diameter from 0.237 to 1.35 mm. The addition of fines was found to increase the total heat transfer coefficient. The gas convective heat transfer coefficient increased with increase in particle size and fluidizing velocity. The dependence of the gas convective heat transfer coefficient on gas velocity was more pronounced for large particles. The addition of fines resulted in decrease in gas convective coefficient. The relative contribution of the gas convective component of heat transfer coefficient was found to increase with increase in particle diameter. Its dependency on fluidizing velocity was found to be more complex. The experimental data were compared with the existing heat transfer models and correlations.     

惰性粒子对水沸腾传热强化的实验研究

通过加入不同种类和体积分率的惰性粒子,在垂直管中进行了水的流动沸腾传热实验,研究了三相流沸腾传热特性。实验中预先对水加热,采用了沸点进料。实验发现,传热膜系数随热通量、液体流量的增加及粒子体积分率的增大而增加。对于不同粒子,这种变化趋势比较一致,但不同粒子对沸腾传热的强化效果不同。实验结果表明:由于固体粒子的存在,强化了沸腾传热,三相流沸腾传热系数是相同条件下汽液二相流沸腾传热系数的1.3—1.7倍。     

分散颗粒和超声场对鼓泡塔内传质性能的影响

用双电导探针气泡特征参数测量系统实时测定超声场与分散颗粒(活性炭)对鼓泡塔水+CO₂体系气泡Sauter直径和体积传质系数影响的变化规律。实验结果表明:无活性炭颗粒添加时,多频超声场比单频超声场更有利于提高体积传质系数,输入功率为100 W、组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz时,体积传质系数增幅达40%~64%;加入活性炭颗粒后,体积传质系数随加入活性炭固含量的增大呈现先增大后逐渐减少的趋势,气泡Sauter直径变化规律相反,当体系中活性炭固含量为1.0 kg·m^-3时,传质增强最明显。体积传质系数随加入活性炭粒径的减小呈现增大的趋势。与无活性炭颗粒(d_s=0)比较,活性炭(固含率1.0 kg·m^-3)粒径d_s=38 μm时,液相体积传质系数在扣除吸附传质效果后仍增大1.58倍,同时引入超声场后,当组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz,超声功率100 W时,液相体积传质系数增大2.02倍,可见超声场和分散颗粒对气液传质有显著的协同强化作用。     

Effect of particle tethering and Scale‐Up on solid–liquid mass transfer in Three‐Phase fluidized beds of light particles

Solid–liquid mass transfer in three‐phase fluidized beds with low‐density particles was studied using a tethered benzoic acid particle dissolution technique. Two columns with air, water and polypropylene cylinders were used for experiments. The solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with column diameter but decrease with tether length. The effect of tethering on solid particle movements was also evaluated using radioactive particle tracking (RPT) technique. RPT showed that tethered particles exhibited slower movements. Statistical analysis suggests that tether lengths 3 times the column radius are sufficient to reduce the effects of tethering.     

气-液-固三相逆流化床热量传递研究

在内径0.152 m,高2.5 m的气-液-固三相逆流化床中系统研究了热量传递特性特性。获得了气体和液体速度及聚乙烯和聚丙烯颗粒密度对内置加热器与床层间热量传递系数的影响规律。研究结果表明密度相对高的聚乙烯颗粒的逆流化床的热量传递系数比密度相对低的聚丙烯颗粒的逆流化床的热量传递系数大;随着气体速度的增加,热量传递系数增加。然而,随着液体速度增加,热量传递系数具有最大值。在热量传递系数达到最大值时对应的液体速度随着颗粒密度或气体速度的增加而降低。