南京地铁隧道渗漏水治理方法

对南京地铁二号线矿山法区间渗漏水进行了分析,从防水设计与施工、渗漏水处理等方面进行了论述,提出了隧道渗漏水点处理的方法,进行了地下工程渗漏水处理的技术研究,达到了治理隧道渗漏的效果,解决了地下工程因防水等施工后仍然渗漏水的问题。     

餐饮业废水的处理

综述了餐饮业废水处理方法的现状,介绍了几种处理餐饮废水的工艺流程,并举一工程应用实例。     

Leachate flow rate behavior through geotextile and soil filters and possible remediation methods

This paper presents flow rate data in the form of system permeability values using various filtration schemes involving both geotextiles and natural soil filters. The tests were conducted over a 20-month period using six different types of leachate. In total, 96 different combinations were evaluated. In all cases, permeabilities decreased over time due to a combination of sediment clogging and/or biological clogging. When a steady state permeability value appeared to be reached, after approximately 6 months, the first of four remediation schemes were attempted. It was seen that water backflush is the most effective in reinstituting high flow rates, followed by backflushing with leachate and nitrogen gas. The least effective remediation scheme was vacuum extraction. Biocide treated geosynthetics were also evaluated, but results were inconclusive. This was due to the long times required and/or the remnants of the micro-organisms which could not pass through the various filtering systems.

The long-term minimum permeability values were not identified, nor were the design required permeabilities for the various landfills, in question. These important items are currently being investigated.     

Rhamnolipid biosurfactant mixtures for environmental remediation

This study investigated the efficiency of rhamnolipid biosurfactant and synthetic surfactant mixtures for improving the interfacial activity of the surfactant system against several light non-aqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs). Since the rhamnolipid biosurfactant proved to be relatively hydrophilic, we hypothesized that mixtures of rhamnolipid biosurfactants with more hydrophobic synthetic surfactants would produce lower interfacial tensions (IFTs) than an individual rhamnolipid biosurfactant. The minimum IFT observed for rhamnolipid alone and toluene (0.03mN/m) was one order of magnitude lower than for hexane, decane, and hexadecane, demonstrating the relatively hydrophilic nature of the rhamnolipid. The low IFTs even at the low surfactant concentration used suggest mobilization as the dominant oil-removal mechanism versus supersolubilization. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and critical microemulsion concentration (CmicroC) of the rhamnolipid were found to be 0.001w/w% (0.019mM) and 0.01w/w% (0.19mM), respectively. Three alkyl propoxylated (PO) sulfate synthetic surfactants were individually mixed with the rhamnolipid. As the hydrophobicity of the surfactant mixture approached that of the hydrocarbon, IFT values decreased by one to two orders of magnitude below that achieved with individual surfactants. This work shows that the rhamnolipid has excellent phase behavior at low concentrations and can be used in surfactant mixtures to achieve the low IFT values needed for environmental remediation, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and other applications.     

Bioaugmentation of floating treatment wetlands for the remediation of textile effluent

This pilot study evaluated the effects of bacterial augmentation on the efficiency of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) to remediate textile wastewater. Two wetland plants, Phragmites australis and Typha domingensis, were used to develop FTWs, which were then augmented with a bacterial consortium of three strains (Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas indoloxydans, and Rhodococcus sp.). Results showed that both plant species removed colour, organic matter, toxicity, and heavy metals from textile wastewater and their removal efficiency was further enhanced by augmentation with bacteria. The maximum removal efficiencies of colour, COD and BOD after an 8‐day period were 97, 87 and 92%, respectively, by FTWs carrying P. australis inoculated with the bacterial consortium. Furthermore, the same combination showed 87–99% reduction of heavy metals in the textile wastewater as well. These results indicate that FTWs can be used for the treatment of textile effluent and their working efficiency can be improved by plant‐bacterial synergism.     

Application of a membrane bioreactor for treating explosives process wastewater

A bench-scale anoxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a ceramic cross-flow ultrafiltration module, was evaluated to treat a synthetic wastewater containing alkaline hydrolysis byproducts (hydrolysates) of RDX. The wastewater was formulated the same as hydrolysis wastewater and consisted of acetate, formate and formaldehyde as carbon sources and nitrite and nitrate electron acceptors. The MBR system removed 80-90% of the carbon sources, and approximately 90% of the stoichiometric amount of nitrate, 60% of nitrite. The reactor was also operated over a range of transmembrane pressure, temperature, suspended solids concentration, and organic loading rate to maximize treatment efficiency and permeate flux. Increasing the transmembrane pressure and temperature did not improve flux significantly. Increasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in the bioreactor decreased the permeate flux significantly. The maximum volumetric organic loading rate was 0.72 kg COD/m3/day. The maximum food-to-mass ratio was 0.50 kg N/kg MLVSS/day and 1.82 kg COD/kg MLVSS/day. Membrane permeate was clear and essentially free of bacteria, as indicated by heterotrophic plate count. Permeate flux ranged between 0.15 and 2.0 m3/m2 day and was maintained by routine backwashing every three days. Backwashing with tap water containing chlorine bleach every fourth or fifth backwashing was able to restore membrane flux to its original value.     

地下水曝气修复技术的模型试验研究

地下水曝气法是修复土壤和地下水有机污染的有效方法。通过模型试验,探讨了地下水曝气法的工作机理,研究了气体不同类型土体中的运移方式和影响区域。研究表明,最小曝气压力的大小取决于土体毛细压力和静水压力;在孔隙较大的砾石体中,气体以独立气泡的方式运移,单井影响区域基本为抛物型,超过一定曝气压力值后其影响半径不再变化;在孔隙较小的细砂中,气体以稳定的微通道方式运移;当曝气压力相同时,细砂中空气流量小于砾石中的空气流量,但是单井影响范围较砾石体大,脉动曝气效果也较好。     

地下水曝气修复过程离心模型试验研究

为了研究地下水曝气修复机理及其影响因素,采用离心模型试验模拟地下水曝气修复过程,其中土体用透明玻璃珠代替以便于图像观察和分析处理,同时由于模型能够提高土体的应力水平,从而可以在较大范围内研究曝气压力的影响。离心模型试验得到了气体运动规律和曝气影响区域的特征。研究表明：土体中的气体流速随曝气压力增加而逐渐增大;曝气影响范围在曝气压力较小时随曝气压力增加而增大,当曝气压力持续增大超过临界压力时,影响范围将保持稳定;曝气影响范围随土体粒径的增大而减小,随离心加速度增大而减小;曝气影响范围为锥形,可以采用虚拟曝气点和稳定渗气夹角定量描述。试验成果可以为曝气修复系统的设计和运行提供参考依据。     

电动修复技术处理铬污染黏土试验研究

利用电动修复技术对红星化工厂铬渣污染黏土进行修复,试验电压分别为20,30,40,50,60V,以0.1mol/L KCl为两极电解液,阴极采用乙酸控制pH值在6左右,试验周期为5d.结果表明：电动修复能够去除土样中的铬,最高去除率可达58.26%;本试验50V即1.25V/cm电压梯度为经济有效的去除电压;Cr（Ⅵ）以含氧阴离子的形式向阳极迁移,Cr（Ⅲ）迁移较复杂,在沉淀态和游离态之间转换;阳极电解液中Cr（Ⅵ）的浓度易达到饱和,对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除产生抑制.     

高速公路改扩建拓宽结合部处治方法

针对高速公路改扩建路基拓宽结合部的常见病害,深入分析其病害的成因——差异沉降,从填筑材料的固结本质、材料选取与施工工艺、拓宽结构设计方面探索了差异沉降机理,并提出了相应的处治方法,为公路改扩建工程提供了指导。     

Applicability of alkaline hydrolysis for remediation of TNT-contaminated water

This study was conducted to assess the applicability of alkaline hydrolysis as an alternative ex situ technology for remediating 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated water. TNT reactivity had a strong dependence on the reaction pH (11-12) and initial TNT (5-25 mg L(-1)) in batch systems, resulting in pseudo first-order transformation rate, k ranging between 1.9 x 10(-3) and 9.3 x 10(-5) min(-1). In continuous flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR) systems with initial TNT of 1 mg L(-1), the highest 74% of TNT reduction was achieved at the reaction pH of 11.9 and 2-day hydraulic retention time under steady-state condition. Oxalate was produced as the major hydrolysate in the CFSTRs, indicating a ring cleavage during alkaline hydrolysis. It was also believed that TNT alkaline hydrolysis occurred through the production of color-forming intermediates via dimerization. It is concluded that alkaline hydrolysis can be an alternative treatment technology for remediation of TNT-contaminated water.     

Internal separation distances for underground explosives storage in hard rock

Most recent studies on underground explosives storage have focused their attention on external safety distances, mostly inhabited distances for airblast, debris, and ground shock. Internal distances in prevailing codes generally deal with the need to prevent sympathetic detonation as a result of propagation by rock spall impact, or to prevent damage in an adjacent chamber in the event of an accidental explosion. For complex facilities, guidelines on separation requirements are often lacking. Also, there are several inconsistencies in the current separation requirements. This paper attempts to fill in the gap and rationalise the separation requirements for the various components of an underground storage facility. Recommendations will be made based on a comprehensive review of tunnel damage and results from large-scale tests.     

Detection and remediation of human-origin pollution at two public beaches in Virginia using multiple source tracking methods

Two public beaches (Anderson and Hilton) in Newport News, Virginia, were frequently closed to swimming in 2004 due to high Enterococcus spp. counts that exceeded the regulatory standard. The microbial source tracking (MST) methods of antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and fluorometry (to detect optical brighteners) were used in the summer of 2004 to determine the origins of fecal pollution at the two beaches. Both MST methods detected substantial human-origin pollution at the two beaches, in locations producing consistently high levels of Enterococcus spp. Investigations by municipal officials led to the fluorometric detection and subsequent repair of sewage infrastructure problems at both beaches. The success of the mitigation efforts was confirmed during the summer of 2005 using ARA and fluorometry, with the results cross-validated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).     

污染场地测试评价与处理技术

针对中国工业污染场地开发利用的岩土工程关键问题,全面总结了笔者及其课题组多年来的研究成果。主要包括5个方面:(1)污染场地土体工程性质变化基本规律和污染场地分类评价方法,阐明了重金属污染土和有机污染土的基本物理力学特性,在总结国内外已有污染场地风险评价和工程分类的基础上,提出了基于层次分析原理的污染场地指数分类法;(2)基于多功能孔压静力触探(CPTU)的污染场地原位测试方法,包括污染土的电阻率基本特征,基于电阻率CPTU的污染场地原位测试方法,基于CPTU的污染场地水力传导参数测试评价方法;(3)重金属污染场地固化/稳定化处理技术,揭示了重金属污染土固化/稳定化机理,阐明了水泥系固化剂固化/稳定重金属污染土的有效性与不足,提出了磷酸盐系固化剂和碱激发矿渣固化剂固化/稳定高浓度重金属污染土的方法,从工程与环境安全二方面提出了固化/稳定法的施工工艺;(4)有机污染场地曝气法处理技术,采用研发的一维二维曝气模拟装置,揭示了曝气法修复有机污染场地的气相运动规律、修复机理与效果,建立了基于集总参数的污染物去除效果评价方法,提出了曝气法工艺设计方法;(5)污染场地竖向隔离技术,提出了土–膨润土系竖向隔离墙材料设计关键参数确定方法,揭示了土–膨润土系竖向隔离墙的长期防渗防污性能和化学相容性特征,比较了隔离施工技术的特点,对SMC工法的效果进行了分析评价。研究成果对中国污染场地再开发利用和城市可持续发展具有重要意义。     

An anaerobic two-layer permeable reactive biobarrier for the remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater

In this paper, an anaerobic two-layer permeable reactive biobarrier system consisting of an oxygen-capturing layer followed by a biodegradation layer was designed firstly for evaluating the remediation effectiveness of nitrate-contaminated groundwater. The first layer filling with granular oxygen-capturing materials is used to capture dissolved oxygen (DO) in groundwater in order to create an anaerobic condition for the microbial denitrification. Furthermore, it can also provide nutrition, such as carbon and phosphorus, for the normal metabolism of immobilized denitrifying bacteria filled in the second layer. The second layer using granular activated carbon as microbial carrier is able to biodegrade nitrate entering the barrier system. Batch experiments were conducted to identify the effect of DO on microbial denitrification, oxygen-capturing performance of zero valent iron (ZVI) powder and the characteristics of the prepared oxygen-capturing materials used to stimulate growth of denitrifying bacteria. A laboratory-scale experiment using two continuous upflow stainless-steel columns was then performed to evaluate the feasibility of this designed system. The first column was filled with granular oxygen-capturing materials prepared by ZVI powder, sodium citrate as well as other inorganic salts, etc. The second column was filled with activated carbon immobilizing denitrifying microbial consortium. Simulated nitrate-contaminated groundwater (40 mg NO₃–N/L, pH 7.0) with 6 mg/L of DO content was pumped into this system at a flow rate of 235 mL/d. Samples from the second column were analyzed for nitrate and its major degradation byproduct. Results showed that nitrate could be removed more than 94%, and its metabolic intermediate, nitrite, could also be biodegraded further in this passive system. Further study is necessary in order to evaluate performance of its field application.     

关于防水结构混凝土工程出现渗漏的处理方法

分析了防水结构混凝土工程产生渗漏的原因,介绍了渗漏易产生的部位及检查方法,并提出了砂浆直接堵漏法、埋细绳堵漏法、铁皮堵漏法等裂缝渗漏水的处理方法,以保证建筑物的正常使用及其耐久性。     

A reactor model for pulsed pumping groundwater remediation

A hybrid in situ bioremediation/pulsed pumping strategy has been developed to cost effectively remediate a carbon tetrachloride plume in Schoolcraft, Michigan. The pulsed pumping system uses a line of alternating injection and extraction wells perpendicular to the direction of natural groundwater flow. The wells pump periodically to clean the recirculation zone between adjacent wells. During the pump-off phase, natural groundwater flow brings new contaminant into the recirculation zone. The wells are pumped again prior to breakthrough of contaminant from the recirculation zone. A computationally efficient reactor model has been developed, which conceptually divides the aquifer into injection, extraction, and recirculation zones, which are represented by a network of chemical reactors. Solute concentration histories from three-dimensional finite difference simulations and from field data confirm the reactor model predictions. The reactor model is used to investigate the optimal well configuration, pumping rate, and pumping schedule for achieving maximum pollutant degradation.     

Phosphate sources and their suitability for remediation of contaminated soils

Phosphate minerals and specifically apatite show promise for environmental cleanup because they can form stable compounds with a wide range of cationic contaminants. However, phosphate minerals naturally accumulate some heavy metals that may cause additional contamination of the environment if used improperly. Nine commercially available phosphate materials were evaluated for remediation of contaminated soil based on solubility, concentration of metal/metalloid impurities, and leachability of impurity metal/metalloids. The phosphate materials consisted of three groups: processed (i.e., fertilizers), mined (rock phosphates from different formations), and biogenic (ground fish bone). Processed and mined rock phosphates contained relatively high total concentrations of As, Co, Cr, and Cu but did not exceed the RCRA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limits. Biogenic apatite contained much lower metal concentrations than processed and mined rock phosphate and was appreciably more soluble. By combining biogenic and mined phosphate it is possible to obtain a wide range of phosphate release rates, permitting rapid immobilization of contaminants while providing a slow release of phosphate for continued long-term treatment.