Failure prediction for multi-material creep test specimens using a steady-state creep rupture stress

The steady-state stress distributions in single- and multi-material notched and waisted specimens were investigated for practical creep test specimens using material properties obtained for materials from a service-aged CrMoV pipe weldment. The tri-axial stress conditions existing in notched and waisted specimens machined from welded pipes were identified. By using a steady-state effective failure stress, it has been shown that an approximate method, based on steady-state stress, for the prediction of rupture life and failure position can produce reasonably accurate results. The applicability of the approximate method was confirmed by comparing the results obtained using it with those obtained from corresponding creep continuum damage modelling. These results indicate that use of steady-state stress analysis, as an approximate technique, may be useful for assessing creep failure behaviour, for determining the effect of specimen size and for generating material properties for welded components.     

Power-law creep of powder bonded by isolated contacts

The deformation of powder due to power-law creep near the interparticle contacts is modeled. It is assumed that the plastic dissipation is dominated by the rate of approach of neighboring particles and that the effect of tangential motion can be neglected. To characterize the creep law, the macroscopic strain rate in the powder aggregate is specified and the energy dissipated in power-law creep is computed. This work rate is used in a potential to determine the macroscopic creep parameters. The effective macroscopic shear and dilatational creep properties resulting from this model depend on the relative density of the powder. The creep rates are infinite at random close-packed density. A feature of the creep law is a high sensitivity to changes in deviatoric stress when the stress state is nearly hydrostatic and the creep exponent is high.     

Creep damage evaluation of thick-walled spheres using a long-term creep constitutive model

This paper describes a numerical model developed for the computation of creep damages in a thick-walled sphere subjected to an internal pressure and a thermal gradient. The model predicts the creep damage histories during the life of the sphere, owing to variations in stresses with time and through-thickness variations. The creep damage fraction is based on the Robinson’s linear life fraction damage rule, which has been incorporated in a nonlinear time-dependent stress analysis. Following the stress histories, the effective stress histories are obtained and the creep damages are calculated and summed during the life of the sphere. The material long-term creep properties up to the rupture and creep rupture data are defined by the Θ projection concept [1]. The damage histories up to 38 years are calculated and the results show that the maximum damages are always located at the inner surface of the sphere, while the outer surface of the vessel sustains minimum damages.     

Finite element study for determination of material’s creep parameters from small punch test

Compared with the conventional tensile creep test, it is much more difficult to obtain the creep properties of a material by the small punch creep test due to the complex deformation response and stress distribution in the miniature specimen of the material. Although creep behavior has been investigated by the small punch test, most studies have been limited to a specimen geometry and therefore, cannot be extended to other conditions conveniently. In this study, a new developed analysis routine is presented to derive the creep parameters of a material using data obtained from the small punch creep test. With the aid of the finite element method, the displacement and the displacement rate of the small punch are obtained for different load levels. The relationship between the stress and creep strain of the specimen and the applied load and the punch displacement is obtained by a dimensional analysis and the membrane stretching model. The creep properties obtained from small punch tests and the conventional creep tests are also compared. The values of the creep properties between the two types of tests agree well with each other within an acceptable accuracy range. This indicates that it is possible to obtain the creep parameters of a material from the small punch creep test instead of the conventional creep test by the analysis routines proposed in this study. Some suggestions for data reduction of the small punch creep tests are also presented to obtain more accurate material creep parameters.     

Analysis of the impression creep test method using a rectangular indenter for determining the creep properties in welds

The results of a theoretical and finite element investigation of an impression creep test method using a long rectangular indenter under plane strain conditions, rather than the conventional cylindrical indenter, are presented. The application of the technique for determining the creep properties of the various zones within welds is considered. The finite element method is used to obtain accurate (creep) or approximate (elasto-plastic limit load) reference stress solutions for the rectangular indenters placed at several positions in the base material, heat affected zone and weld metal. The effect of varying the geometric test parameters is reported. The possible advantages of the technique for determining some of the important creep properties in welded structures are identified.     

Experimental studies and constitutive modelling of the hardening of aluminium alloy 7055 under creep age forming conditions

A test programme has been designed to characterise the creep-ageing behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 7055, commonly termed AA7055, under creep age forming (CAF) conditions. Creep ageing tests have been carried out for a range of stress levels at 120 °C for 20 h, which is the typical period for a CAF process. Interrupted creep tests have also been carried out to rationalise the effect of stress levels on age hardening. Based on experimental observations, a set of mechanism-based unified creep ageing constitutive equations has been formulated, which models creep induced evolution of precipitates, dislocation hardening, solid solution hardening and age-precipitation hardening. A multiple-step reverse process has been introduced to determine, from creep ageing test data, the values of constants arising in the constitutive equations. Close agreement between experimental data and computed results are obtained for creep and age hardening data for the stress range tested. The determined equation set has been integrated with the commercial FE code MSC.MARC via the user defined subroutine, CRPLAW, for CAF process modelling. In addition to springback, the evolution of precipitate size and creep induced precipitation hardening can be predicted.     

A theory of anisotropic creep after plastic pre-straining

Plastic pre-strain induces directional material response. It has been observed that uni-directional pre-strain results in anisotropic creep. Creep tests in various directions with respect to the direction of pre-strain have shown different steady creep rates and times to rupture.A theory of anisotropic creep is proposed employing the properties of tensor functions. The creep rate in the steady creep range is expressed as a tensor valued tensor function of the stress and pre-strain. In comparison with the Odqvist theory additional material constants appear in the law proposed. The constants are established and predictions from the theory advanced are compared with the results of experiments concerning two pre-strain magnitudes and seven inclinations of the uniaxial creep tests with respect to the pre-strain direction.     

精密注塑制品残余应力的试验研究及其计算

注塑残余应力对精密注塑制品的力学性能和光学性能等有重要影响,是精密注塑制品质量控制的关键指标之一。为研究注塑成形过程中残余应力的发展,以丙烯腈—丁二烯—苯乙烯共聚物(Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,ABS)塑料为研究对象,对其模内蠕变行为进行试验研究。将热弹性模型计算的收缩应变与试验测量的收缩应变之间的差值定义为制件的模内蠕变,得到注塑工艺条件对模内蠕变的影响规律。在此基础上构建计算精密注塑制品残余应力的蠕变模型。模型中的材料弹性模量可由Tait方程计算得到,粘壶系数采用反演方法计算得到。利用该模型结合薄壳有限元法对ABS平板注塑件残余应力进行计算,对计算结果进行试验验证,并与普通的松弛模型计算进行比较。计算结果表明,该模型的计算精度高于普通的松弛模型,是解决精密注塑制品残余应力预测问题的新的有效方法。     

小冲杆试验方法评价1.25Cr0.5Mo珠光体钢的蠕变性能

对1．25Cr0．5Mo珠光体钢的小冲杆蠕变试验结果和传统蠕变试验结果进行比较。试验结果表明小冲杆蠕变试验所获得的中心挠度变形曲线与传统蠕变试验的应变变形曲线是相似的。同时也发现在相同的断裂时间下,小冲杆蠕变试验中所施加的载荷值与传统蠕变试验的应力值的比值在一定载荷范围内为一恒量。在本次研究中,一些在传统蠕变试验中常用的经验公式如Larson—Miller法则、Dorn方程、Monkman-Grant关系式等被用束分析小冲杆蠕变试验。所得结论与传统蠕变试验的结论是相近的。综上所述,小冲杆试验方法可以用于高温下服役材料蠕变性能的评价。     

镍基定向凝固高温合金蠕变寿命预测的改进方法

一种应用简单、物理依据清晰、稳健的蠕变和持久寿命性能方法是开展航空发动机热端部件强度评价的重要基础。针对航空发动机用典型的镍基高温合金,首先讨论了Wilshire方法对宽温度/应力条件下蠕变性能的预测精度,并证实该方法体系中的等效蠕变激活能比传统方法更接近晶格扩展激活能,所预测的应力分界点与合金不同温度/应力条件下的蠕变变形机制密切相关;其次,通过引入拉伸强度相关的晶向函数对Wilshire和传统的Larson-Miller法进行修正,结果显示修正方法顺利实现了不同晶向下蠕变持久性能的高精度预测;最后,基于Wilshire方法提出了一种基于归一化应力的热强综合参数,该热强综合参数可用于评估高温合金材料在归一化应力条件下的蠕变持久性能,同时基于该热强综合参数有利于发挥材料的高温性能潜能。     

An anisotropic creep damage model for multiaxial cyclic loading histories

The purpose of this study is the development of an anisotropic creep damage theory within the continuum damage mechanics, applicable to creep-dominated cyclic loading histories. A damage distribution is expressd in rate form as a symmetric tensor of rank necessary to match physically measured damage. A theoretical model which expresses general anisotropic creep damage phenomena with power law cavity growth is proposed. The coupling of damage with a bounding surface cyclic viscoplasticity theory is also accomplished. Comparison with experimental results are made for weakly anisotropically damaging materials, type 304 stainless steel at 593°C. Good correlation of rupture time, secondary creep, and tertiary creep has been obtained for proportional and nonproportional, isothermal, constant isochronous nominal stress loading histories. A modification of the isochronous stress (the set of stress state which have a same rupture time) for compressive hydrostatic stress state has been offered.     

On bounding the life of structures subjected to steady load and operating within the creep range

The paper offers a simplified life assessment for structures nominally subjected to constant load and operating within the creep range. It is shown that the life of any structure, subjected to conditions where creep occurs, may be bounded by two procedures.In the particular case where the plastic yield surface is similar to the isochronous creep failure surface, the upper bound on life is obtained from a knowledge of the plastic collapse load. The lower bound approach requires a knowledge of the stationary state stress distribution. The authors argue that the actual time of failure relative to these bounds is governed by a material property rather than the geometry of the structure.The bounds on life have been applied to some simple structures where a more complete analysis or experimental data are available. It is shown that the upper bound solution gives a close approximation to the life of these structures provided that there is adequate ductility.     

Approximations in the reference stress method for creep design

It is shown how a consistent interpretation of the reference stress method in creep design, previously described by the author, can be implemented in practise by way of three simple examples. Reference stresses are extracted for two sets of steady state creep data modelled by Norton, Prandtl, Dorn and Garofalo creep laws. The interpretation of the method employed here is used to show how the effect of material scatter on component prediction can easily be assessed from the results of a uniaxial test alone, The results indicate that a simple approach based on limit behaviour adequately approximations the component behaviour—this has previously only been assumed to be valid for creep laws other than Norton's Law.     

Creep and recovery behaviors of magnetorheological elastomers

This paper presents experimental and modeling study of creep and recovery behaviors of magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) under constant stresses. Experimental study was accomplished using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry. Under constant stresses ranging from a small value to a large one, the resultant strains were recorded. The experimental results demonstrated that MREs behave as linear visocleastic properties. The effects of the magnetic field and stress on MRE creep behaviors were discussed. Moreover, a four-parameter viscoelastic model was developed to describe MRE creep behaviors. The comparison between the experimental results and the modeling predictions indicates that the model can predict MRE creep behaviors very well.     

Creep and recovery behaviors of magnetorheological elastomers

This paper presents experimental and modeling study of creep and recovery behaviors of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) under constant stresses. Experimental study was accomplished using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry. Under constant stresses ranging from a small value to a large one, the resultant strains were recorded. The experimental results demonstrated that MREs behave as linear visocleastic properties. The effects of the magnetic field and stress on MRE creep behaviors were discussed. Moreover, a four-parameter viscoelastic model was developed to describe MRE creep behaviors. The comparison between the experimental results and the modeling predictions indicates that the model can predict MRE creep behaviors very well.     

蠕变现象的小冲杆试验研究--蠕变应力分析

主要阐述根据小冲杆试样实测中心挠度求蠕变应力的问题。包括：借助“表征”概念，将试样中心点视为整片试样的表征点；利用压力容器薄膜理论之力平衡关系确定特定时间状态下试样中心区域的应力状态，推导小冲杆试样中心点的蠕变应力估算公式；按该估算公式处理12CrlMoV钢在特定试验条件下获得的小冲杆变试验数据，并对比由此求得的蠕变应力－时间关系与有限元计算的同类结果，根据两者的一致程度判定应力计算模型和工程估算公式的可信度。最后，文章还对具体如何确定特定小冲杆试验之表征蠕变应力值给出了建议。     

B4C颗粒对AZ61蠕变及磨损性能影响的研究

采用机械搅拌法制备B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料,并通过对比AZ61镁合金和B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料的蠕变和磨损试验,分析B4C颗粒对AZ61镁合金蠕变及磨损性能的影响.结果表明:在蠕变性能上,与AZ61镁合金相比,B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料具有较小的初始蠕变量和较小的总蠕变量,进入稳态蠕变阶段的时间和进入稳态蠕变状态时的蠕变速率与AZ61镁合金基本相同;在磨损性能上,B4C颗粒的添加使得AZ61镁合金的抗磨损性能得到明显提升.     

热采井口装置材料30CrMo的拉伸及蠕变性能研究

针对油田热采井口装置服役寿命的评价问题,对其材料30CrMo进行了拉伸和蠕变性能研究。通过拉伸试验获得材料的常温和390℃下的力学性能;进行该材料在390℃、五个不同应力下的蠕变试验,并对试验数据进行Norton-Bailey方程拟合,得到了低应力区和高应力区蠕变本构方程;对原始试样和五个蠕变后的试样进行扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,发现材料长期处于390℃温度下,晶体内的碳元素扩散造成基体上析出物数量的增多及颗粒的增大,导致材料强度的下降;材料30CrMo在低应力区和高应力区的蠕变微观组织变化机理不同,低应力区以位错热攀移为主,高应力区以Orowan绕越方式为主。     

考虑应力松弛的涡轮盘蠕变持久寿命可靠性分析方法

提出考虑应力松弛的轮盘蠕变持久寿命可靠性分析方法。该方法基于概率Miner累积损伤理论,考虑载荷和材料参数的分散性以及应力松弛效应,通过对若干计算点有限元蠕变分析结果响应面回归,获得损伤临界函数的近似表达式。进而采用Monte-Carlo法获得轮盘蠕变持久寿命可靠度或给定可靠度的蠕变持久寿命。并分析了应力松弛和各随机变量对蠕变持久寿命的影响。