尼龙612的结晶及熔融行为

用X射线衍射(WAXD)研究了尼龙612的晶型转变,低温下结晶得到尼龙612的β晶型,随结晶温度的升高,β晶型转变为α晶型。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)对尼龙612的熔融行为进行了研究,尼龙612样品经过不同的热处理后,其熔融行为发生较大的变化,出现了两个熔融峰,低温熔融峰与退火温度相近。在熔融过程中,当温度升高到退火温度时即发生熔融,出现一熔融峰。     

退火对尼龙1111结晶与熔融行为的影响

用广角X射线衍射法研究了退火对尼龙1111的结晶和晶型转变的影响。结果表明,145℃以下退火结晶得到尼龙1111的γ晶型,退火温度升高至145℃以上,其晶型转变为α晶型,而退火时间对晶型转变无影响。差示扫描量热法对尼龙1111熔融行为的研究表明,150℃以下和以上的退火样品分别具有不同的晶型,但均只出现1个熔融峰;随着退火时间的延长,尼龙1111的熔融峰面积增加,结晶度提高。     

高含量炭纤维对尼龙6多重熔融行为的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了高含量炭纤维(CF)对尼龙6(PA6)多重熔融行为的影响．在较低温度等温结晶时，纯PA6呈现四重熔融峰，而CF／PA6(CFO)复合材料则呈现三重熔融峰，高含量炭纤雏的引入有利于PA6等温结晶形成稳定的α晶型，而不形成不稳定的r^*晶型。在较高温度等温结晶时，尼龙晶体生长主要由自身决定，以r晶型为主，CF表面诱导作用的影响减弱；两样品都呈现近似相同的熔融双峰。高含量CF加入使得尼龙的相对结晶度略有增大。     

异相后过渡金属聚乙烯的结构与性能

采用负载α-二亚胺镍配合物催化乙烯聚合制备不同支化度的聚乙烯(PE),应用核磁共振分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和广角X-射线衍射仪分析了异相后过渡金属催化剂制备的支化聚乙烯的支化结构与熔融行为、结晶行为及晶型特征。探讨支化度对PE熔融行为、结晶行为和晶型等的影响。随着支链度的提高,熔融温度和结晶温度都降低,熔融峰形变宽。当支链度为100.90时,降温曲线出现两个峰,衍射角在23°(2θ)附近,(200)晶面衍射峰消失,表明聚乙烯的型态为弹性态。     

熔融结晶过程中热历史对尼龙6多晶现象的影响

用差示扫描量热仪考察了熔融结晶过程中晶核的残留对尼龙6多晶形成的影响。在熔融成型过程中尼龙6易形成较稳定的α和γ晶型。实验结果表明,在此过程中,尼龙6的α和γ晶核都对尼龙6的结晶有诱导性能,当尼龙6的熔体中存在其中一种晶型的晶核时,在结晶过程中则优先形成这种晶型。γ晶型在γ晶核不被熔融消失的情况下会向更稳定的α晶型转变,而这种转变不具有可逆性。     

尼龙11室温以上分子链运动的介电松弛研究

通过熔融后冰水淬火和热处理方法制备了δ'晶型和α晶型的尼龙11薄膜试样.在42Hz～5MHz频率范围测得了室温至150℃的介电松弛频率谱,研究了二种晶型的尼龙11在室温以上的分子链运动.结果发现,尼龙11在δ'→α晶型转变之后,由HavriliakNegami经验公式拟合得到的分子链段和局域运动的松弛强度都减小,松弛时间则增大,表明退火之后尼龙11的分子链运动受到了抑制.     

热氧老化对尼龙6结晶行为与性能的影响

通过熔融共混法制备了添加稳定剂的稳定化尼龙6和不加稳定剂的尼龙6。采用差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、动态力学性能(DMA)、红外光谱等方法研究了尼龙6在160℃高温环境中热氧老化不同时间后结晶行为及性能的变化。结果表明,随着热氧老化时间延长,尼龙6的结晶温度、结晶度及拉伸强度呈先上升后下降趋势,冲击韧性下降,储存模量提高;稳定剂的存在提高了尼龙6的结晶温度、结晶度及力学性能保持率,但对其玻璃化转变温度影响不大;热氧老化36h以后,尼龙6以γ晶型为主,稳定化尼龙6以α晶型为主。     

间规聚苯乙烯/高抗冲聚苯乙烯共混物的结晶行为

用双螺杆挤出机制备了间规聚苯乙烯/高抗冲聚苯乙烯(sPS/HIPS)共混物,用差示扫描量热仪和X射线衍射仪研究了HIPS对sPS熔体结晶和冷结晶行为、晶型的影响。结果表明,熔融温度为290℃时,少量HIPS提高sPS熔体结晶温度,但HIPS含量增加降低sPS熔体结晶温度。熔融温度高于300℃时,sPS熔体结晶温度随HIPS含量的增加而降低。熔融温度从290℃提高到300℃,sPS结晶温度降低,结晶热明显增加。sPS冷结晶峰温随HIPS含量增加和扫描速率加快而提高,HIPS对sPS的结晶主要起阻碍作用。退火处理使得sPS和sPS/HIPS生成α和β晶,且随着HIPS含量的增加,α晶含量增大。     

电子束辐照对尼龙66纤维结构和力学性能的影响

研究了室温空气条件下电子束辐照剂量(范围0~1000 k Gy)对尼龙66纤维结构和力学性能的影响。利用广角X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电镜以及YG065型织物强力仪等测试方法研究了不同辐照剂量尼龙66的特性黏数、晶型结构、取向度、结晶和熔融行为,以及表面形貌和力学性能。研究结果表明,在设置的辐照剂量范围内,随着剂量的增加,纤维原有的晶型结构不变,但是,伴随辐照诱导非晶区分子链的重排,纤维的结晶度提高,取向有所改善,而结晶和熔融温度向低温偏移,熔融峰出现宽化。说明辐照主要导致尼龙66分子链氧化降解,降低其热稳定性,在电子束的撞击下,纤维表面产生了微裂纹,增加了应力集中,破坏了纤维的力学性能。     

高温热氧老化对尼龙66结晶与蠕变性能的影响

通过熔融挤出制备添加热稳定剂的稳定化尼龙66和未添加热稳定剂的尼龙66。采用差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射、蠕变试验和显微拉曼等方法研究了高温(180℃)热氧老化不同时间后尼龙66的结晶性能、蠕变性能及外观形貌等,同时探讨了热稳定剂对其影响。结果表明,随着热氧老化时间的延长,尼龙66的熔融峰和结晶峰均向低温偏移,结晶度,α晶型的(100)晶面与(010)/(110)晶面的衍射峰强度之比与尼龙66的蠕变应变均呈下降趋势,稳定剂的存在减缓了上述现象,抑制了尼龙66的降解,提高了尼龙66在高温环境下的使用寿命。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...