低温复叠机组中R404A/R23替代R22/R13的理论研究

本文采用R404A／R23替代R22／R13在低温复叠制冷机组中的使用。从理论上计算和比较分析了替代的可能性。结果发现从总体上而言,替代是可行的,对机组的效率、制冷量等方面的影响不大;但就具体的一些细节方面尚需做出改进,本文也做出了阐述。     

采用替代工质的空气源热泵性能试验研究

测试了热泵系统在典型空调工况下采用R22的替代工质R134a,R404A,R407C时的制热量、功耗和COP。结果表明R407C的性能与R22比较接近,是R22比较理想的替代工质。     

替换R290的热泵型空调器供暖实验研究

为探讨热泵型空调器更换R290后的供暖特性,在重庆地区开展了供暖工况下充注R290空调器与原R22空调器的对比实验,测试了空调器的送回风温湿度、耗电量、风量等数据。研究了两组空调器的送回风温湿度差异及与室外温度变化的关系,比较了2台空调供热量、耗电功率及COP等数据。结果表明:在重庆地区热泵型空调中替代充注R290后,空调器制热效果良好,室内空气温湿度与原空调器处理的空气温湿度较为接近;但由于制冷剂质量流量减小,平均供热量降低14.6%;尽管COP整体降低了7.5%,但在运行稳定后COP能接近原空调器。     

Performance of a new refrigeration cycle using refrigerant mixture R32/R134a for residential air-conditioner applications

In this paper, a new refrigeration cycle (NRC) using the binary non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture R32/R134a is presented, which can be an alternative refrigeration cycle applied in residential air-conditioner. In the NRC, refrigerant circuit of the evaporator is separated into two branches. Because the non-azeotropic mixture has the characteristic of temperature glide, an important benefit of such configuration is that the Lorentz cycle can be realized. Compared with that of conventional cycle configuration, the new cycle efficiency can be improved. The calculating results show that, in the conventional refrigeration cycle (CRC), the mixture R32/R134a has a close performance to that is obtainable with pure refrigerant R22. However, the mixture R32/R134a in the NRC will result in a better performance. The maximal COP can be improved in a range of 8–9% over that of the CRC, and the volumetric refrigerating capacity can be approximately increased by 9.5%.     

空气源热泵的稳态仿真及性能比较

建立了空气源热泵的稳态仿真模型,得出了R22和其替代工质R32／R134a系统循环性能随工况的变化曲线。相同工况下两种工质性能比较结果表明,采用混合工质的系统制热性能系数高,制热量低,耗功量小,混合工质替代纯工质有一定的节能优势。     

Improvement of solar-electric compression refrigeration system through ejector-assisted vapour compression chiller for space conditioning in subtropical climate

In this study, improvement was made for the solar-electric compression refrigeration system by incorporating the ejector design to a conventional vapour compression chiller within the system. Through year-round dynamic simulation, the performances of the ejector-assisted vapour compression chiller (EAVCC) were evaluated under the intermittent and changing supply of solar energy in the subtropical climate. In addition, the effect of three common refrigerants, R22, R134a and R410A on the EAVCC was assessed and compared. It was found that the coefficient of performance of the chiller was increased and the total primary energy consumption of the system was decreased for all the three refrigerants, in which the degree of enhancement from R134a was the most significant. It was also noted that the effect of R410A on EAVCC was not apparent, and the overall system energy improvement was marginal. With appropriate ejector design and refrigerant selection of the solar-electric compression refrigeration system, the reduction potential of year-round primary energy consumption could be more than 5%. This would be certainly helpful in promoting the application of solar air-conditioning for building use in the subtropical climate.     

Performance studies of R433A in a direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump

ABSTRACT

Energy assessment of a simple direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump system has been experimentally assessed with R433A as a possible alternative to R22. An artificial neural network integrated genetic algorithm model was developed to assess the performance system. The data obtained from the experimentation at different ambient conditions are used as the training data for the ANN network. The back propagation learning mechanism with variants Lavenberg-Maguardt with 20 neurons in the hidden layer were used in modelling of ANN. The values obtained from the analysis using ANN are optimised further by integrating the ANN procedure with GA. The results indicated that R433A has 6.4% and 1% lower instantaneous compressor power consumption and heating capacity compared to R22. Energy performance ratio of R433A was found to be about 5.67% higher compared to R22. The results confirmed that R433A can be used as a possible alternative to R22 DX-SAHP systems.     

Theoretical study of R32 to replace R410A in variable refrigerant flow systems

In recent years, global warming has reached critical levels and this has caused a gradual decrease in the use of refrigerants. In the 1997 Kyoto Conference, it was announced that after 2011, use of refrigerants which have higher global warming potential (GWP) of 150 will be restricted. Hence, it was foreseen that R410A, with a GWP of 2088, which has been used in residential heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems, will be prohibited in the near future. This study investigates the thermodynamic performance using R32, which is a potential alternative because of its low GWP, and R410A in variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems. As a result of theoretical analysis, it was observed that the coefficient of performance of R32 is 5% higher in heating mode and 6% higher in cooling mode than that of R410A. Considering all of this, it was confirmed that R32 can be used in VRF systems as a replacement for R410A in terms of performance.     

预冷式风冷空调机组理论与实验研究

设计了直接蒸发预冷式空调机组。对碳氢制冷剂R1270进行了实验研究,分析其在风冷空调机组中替代R22的可行性。结果表明:通过直接蒸发预冷不仅能提高机组COP,还能降低机组的排气温度。另外在相同条件下,R1270充注量为R22系统的47.1%,在额定工况下,R1270的制冷量大于R22系统,当室外环境温度升高时,R1270的制冷量略小于R22系统;二者COP值基本一致,但R1270排气温度明显低于R22。因此,从制冷能力上看,R1270作为R22的替代工质是一种较好的选择。特别是常规空调机组采用直接蒸发预冷后,在高温环境条件下,R1270的COP高于R22。     

On-site study of HCFC-22 substitution for HFC non-azeotropic blends (R417A, R422D) on a water chiller of a centralized HVAC system

The European Regulation no 2037/2000 has banned manufacturing HCFC refrigerants from January 1st 2010, although its use is allowed up to 2015 if the fluids come from a recycling process. This situation creates the need for developing new working fluids to replace the HCFC in the refrigeration plants now in operation. Among all the HCFCs the R22 is the most widely used in a wide range of applications, especially in air conditioning. This work presents an on-site experimental study of the R22 replacement by two possible substitutes, the HFC-417A and the HFC-422D, in a water chiller in which the energy performance was evaluated. This chiller is part of the centralized HVAC system of a lecture room building at the Jaume I University of Castellón, Spain. This communication compares and analyses main operation parameters of the chiller when operating with each refrigerant in real conditions.     

环保型空调器的研究与试验

选择对臭氧层无破坏作用的Ｒ３２／Ｒ１３４ａ混合工质作为家用空调器工质Ｒ２２的替代物，对其与润滑油的相溶性，可燃性等进行了实验研究，并对使用这种工质的压缩机，空调器进行了实验。     

On subcooler design for integrated two-temperature supermarket refrigeration system

The energy saving opportunity of supermarket refrigeration systems using subcooler between the medium-temperature (MT) refrigeration system and the low-temperature (LT) refrigeration system has been identified in the previous work. This paper presents a model-based comprehensive analysis on the subcooler design. The optimal subcooling control is discussed as well. With optimal subcooler size and subcooling control, the maximum energy savings of integrated two-temperature supermarket refrigeration system using R404A or R134a as working fluid can achieve 27% or 20%, respectively. The load ratio of MT to LT system and the operating conditions have considerable impact on the energy savings.     

A review on performance improvement of an absorption refrigeration system by modification of basic cycle

The vapour absorption refrigeration system is not so much used commercially because of its low performance. The performance of an absorption refrigeration system is required to make it an efficient alternative of vapour compression refrigeration systems. This paper reviews different research on modification of absorption systems contributing to enhance the performance of absorption refrigeration systems. This study suggests that the performance of absorption refrigeration is improved by using double-effect and semi-generator absorber solution heat exchanger arrangement. The coefficient of performance of absorption refrigeration is also improved by the combination of different refrigeration cycles (hybrid refrigeration cycle) such as compression–absorption and ejector–absorption.

Abbreviations: COP: coefficient of performance; GAX: generator absorber solution heat exchanger; ARS: absorption refrigeration system; ECOP: ecological coefficient of performance; CAHP: compression-assisted absorption heat pump     

Modeling solar-driven ejector refrigeration system offering air conditioning for office buildings

A lumped method combined with dynamic model is proposed for use in investigating the performance and solar fraction of a solar-driven ejector refrigeration system (SERS) using R134a, for office air conditioning application for buildings in Shanghai, China. Classical hourly outdoor temperature and solar radiation model were used to provide basic data for accurate analysis of the system performance. Results indicate that during the office working-time, i.e., from 9:00 to 17:00, the average COP and the average solar fraction of the system were 0.48 and 0.82 respectively when the operating conditions were: generator temperature (85 °C), evaporator temperature (8 °C) and condenser temperature varying with ambient temperature. Compared with traditional compressor based air conditioner, the system can save upto 80% electric energy when providing the same cooling capacity for office buildings. Hence, the system offers a good energy conservation method for office buildings.     

R410A与R22在家用空调中的应用比较(1)

R410A不破坏臭氧层,是一种可以长期替代R22的绿色环保制冷剂,现已在家用空调中得到日益广泛的应用。本文分别对R410A与R22的热力性能,对4台具有可比性的R410A与R22空调的系统性能即制冷量和能效比进行比较考察,结果表明R410A具有良好的热传递与流动特性,有利于减少空调换热器尺寸、提高系统运行效率。     

Thermodynamic performance of HCFC22 alternative refrigerants for residential air-conditioning applications

In this study, thermodynamic performance of two pure hydrocarbons and seven mixtures composed of propylene (R1270), propane (R290), HFC152a, and dimethylether (RE170, DME) was measured in an attempt to substitute HCFC22 in residential air-conditioners. The pure and mixed refrigerants tested have greenhouse warming potentials (GWPs) of 3–58 as compared to that of CO₂ and the mixtures are all near-azeotropic having the gliding temperature difference (GTD) of less than 0.6 °C. Thermodynamic cycle analysis was carried out to determine the optimum compositions before testing and actual tests were performed in a breadboard type laboratory heat pump/air-conditioner at the evaporation and condensation temperatures of 7 and 45 °C, respectively. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of these mixtures is up to 5.7% higher than that of HCFC22. While propane showed 11.5% reduction in capacity, most of the fluids had the similar capacity to that of HCFC22. Compressor discharge temperatures were reduced by 11–17 °C with these fluids. There was no problem found with mineral oil since the mixtures were mainly composed of hydrocarbons. The amount of charge was reduced up to 55% as compared to HCFC22. Overall, these fluids provide good thermodynamic performance with reasonable energy savings without any environmental problem and thus can be used as long term alternatives for residential air-conditioning and heat pumping applications.     

Use of nanoparticles to make mineral oil lubricants feasible for use in a residential air conditioner employing hydro-fluorocarbons refrigerants

The application of nano-fluids in refrigerating systems is considered to be a potential way to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of HVAC&R facilities and to make economic the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. In this paper, we report a method that uses nanoparticles to enhance the energy efficiency of retrofitted residential air conditioners (RAC) employing HFCs as alternative refrigerants. The reliability and performance of RAC with nanoparticles in the working fluid have been investigated experimentally. A new mineral-based nano-refrigeration oil (MNRO), formed by blending some nanoparticles (NiFe₂O₄) into naphthene based oil B32, was employed in the RAC using R410a as refrigerant. A method showing how to disperse the NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in the mineral oil refrigeration lubricants is presented together with an investigation of their stability. The solubilities of the new MNRO in R134a, R407C, R410a and R425a were measured. The performances of the RAC, such as the cooling/heating capacity, the power input and the energy efficiency ratio, were determined. The results indicate that the mixture of R410a/MNRO works normally in the RAC. The cooling/heating EER of the RAC increased about 6% by replacing the Polyol-Easter oil VG 32 lubricant with MNRO.     

Einstein单压制冷系统热力学性能对比分析

介绍了Einstein单压吸收式制冷循环的工作原理,对国内两种有代表性的改进型Einstein制冷系统(Ⅰ ,Ⅱ)进行了对比。运用质量、能量守恒定理,建立了系统各部件的热力学模型,并对其性能进行了分析。结果表明:相同工况下,系统Ⅱ的COP较高,达到0.255 1。工况的变化并不能有效改善二者的COP,而通过合理匹配系统各部件,优化管道阻力,采用热回收系统及高效气泡泵,以及选择最佳的发生温度,能够有效改善系统制冷性能。详尽研究内容对Einstein制冷循环系统的性能优化及工业应用具有指导意义。     

新型环保制冷剂R1234ze/R600a PVTx性质

在Burnett原理基础上搭建了高精度PVT实验台,对新型环保混合制冷剂R1234ze/R600a进行了热物性测试。在温度范围为280.15~330.15 K时,测量了质量分数为80%/20%和75%/25%的R1234ze/R600a混合制冷剂的PVT性质,同时拟合出了相应温度与压力下该混合工质的密度与气体维里方程,为进一步研究该混合制冷剂作为新型替代制冷剂的性能提供了热物性参数。     

R32用于喷气增焓热泵热水器中可行性研究

理论分析了R32作为空气源热泵热水器制冷剂的可行性,并设计搭建带有喷气增焓装置的实验系统,分别充注R32和R410A制冷剂进行性能对比测试。实验结果表明:对于本实验系统R410A的最佳充注量为1.4 kg,R32的最佳充注量比R410A减少约25%,且名义工况下R32热泵系统的COP要高出R410A热泵系统约4.2%;低温工况下,采用双级压缩系统的压缩比最高在3左右,有效缓解了常规热泵系统低温工况下压缩比过高的问题;低温工况下,R32热泵系统的COP明显高于R410A热泵系统。