间热式大面积六硼化镧中空阴极

介绍了适用于强流离子源的间热式大面积六硼化镧中空阴极。在１５ｃｍ双潘宁离子湖泊 上放电特性研究表明，该阴极性能良好，能可靠工作，使用过程中多次暴露于大气中，发射性能并未变坏，加热功率为１．４５ｋＷ，ＬａＢ６发射电流密度为２０Ａ／ｃｍ＾２，放电电流４００Ａ，脉冲宽度３０ｍｓ，放电波形重复性很好。使用１００ｈ后，发射体尺寸无明显变化。     

六硼化镧电子枪

所研制的电子枪,阴极材料采用六硼化镧LaB_6。该电子枪实验结果表明其性能较目前常用的金属钨、钽阴极材料优越。试验用电子枪阴极直径为8mm,试验条件为阳极脉冲高压80 kV;脉冲宽度2μs;重复频率50 Hz,由实验曲线推得的阴极温度1390℃,此时法拉第筒上测得的脉冲束流流强可达180 mA;电子束流包络线发射度为94.7πmm·mrad;80%束流发射度为16.9πmm·mrad。     

日本高强度X射线源开发成功

【《日本原子》1995年11月号第16页报道】日本科技厅(STA)所属国立金属研究所(NRIM)与位于东京昭岛市的Rigaku公司联合开发了一种新型X射线发生器,专门用于在材料的原子结构分析中测量X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)。 为了增强X射线的强度,采用六硼化镧作灯丝材料,代替传统的钨。     

锕系金属掺杂硼团簇AnB_(7)(An=Ac、Th、Am、Cm)的理论研究北大核心CSCD

通过金属掺杂,硼团簇可以表现出特殊的结构特征和化学性质。尽管主族金属、过渡金属和镧系金属掺杂的硼团簇已被相继报道,但目前锕系金属掺杂的硼团簇研究相对较少。本工作使用密度泛函理论(DFT)预测了一系列锕系金属掺杂硼团簇AnB_(7)(An=Ac、Th、Am、Cm)。理论计算表明,其能量最低的结构分别为C_(6)v AcB_(7)、C_(2)v ThB_(7)、C_(2)v AmB_(7)和C_(6)v CmB_(7),且均为半夹心构型。在每个AnB_(7)体系中,B_(3)-7具有六个离域的π电子和六个离域的σ电子,均为双重芳香性团簇。成键性质分析表明Am-B和Cm-B键的共价相互作用强于Ac-B和Th-B键。此外,这些硼团簇均非常稳定,且AmB_(7)和CmB_(7)稳定性更高,而共价相互作用是影响AnB_(7)稳定性的重要因素。本工作丰富了锕系金属掺杂的硼团簇的种类,并为设计锕系金属掺杂硼团簇材料提供了理论基础。     

LiCl-KCl熔盐中Pu^(3+)在Al阴极上的电化学行为北大核心CSCD

基于固体Al阴极分离锕系元素(An)与裂变产物(FP)的电解精炼技术是极具前景的干法后处理流程之一。本研究采用暂态电化学法系统研究了Pu^(3+)在固体Al阴极上的电化学行为。循环伏安法(CV)和方波伏安法(SWV)研究结果表明,Pu^(3+)在Al阴极上可一步还原为合金,且该反应为不可逆,Pu^(3+)与Al形成合金的电位与温度的关系式为E^(θ,*)(Pu^(3+)/PuAl n)(vs.Cl-/Cl_(2))=-2.944+9.84×10^(-4)T。开路计时电位法(OCP)结合相图表明,Pu^(3+)在固体Al阴极上可生成Pu_(3)Al、PuAl、PuAl_(2)、PuAl_(3)和PuAl_(4)五种合金化合物,且计算得到了不同温度时PuAl_(4)的Gibbs生成自由能。     

光电转化器件光阴极量子效率测量研究

光电器件(光电倍增管、光电二极管、太阳能电池等)的应用研究日益广泛,对其性能的测试要求也越来越高,尤其是对其核心部件光阴极光电转化量子效率(Quantum efficiency,QE)的测试和标定。通过建立的光阴极性能测试系统,开展了对各种型号光电器件阴极的测试研究。测试研究内容包括对光阴极在特定波长下QE的绝对测量和相对测量、对光阴极频谱响应特性的测量以及对光阴极面均匀性的扫描测试。目前对多种不同型号的光电二极管(Photo diode,PD)和光电倍增管(Photomultiplier tube,PMT)光阴极QE的测试结果显示,无论采用绝对测量或相对测量,其结果均与已有第三方标定结果一致;同时,搭建的二维扫描测试平台实现了对平面型光阴极均匀性的快速准确测试。     

阴极测试电子枪结构的设计、试验及改进

阴极测试方法对阴极发射性能评价有着较大影响.本文介绍了一种热阴极性能的电子枪结构测试方法.我们自主设计研制了阴极测试电子枪结构,并采用该测试系统对几种覆膜浸渍钡钨阴极(M型阴极)的电子发射性能进行了初步测试.试验结果表明采用这种阴极性能评价系统是十分有利的.同时根据初步试验的问题,以及对测试结果的分析,对该电子枪结构作进一步的设计改进.     

锑钾铯光阴极制备系统

双碱金属锑化物光阴极在可见光下有高量子效率(QE)、低发射度和强射(RF)频电场,实用真空下寿命较长,产生的高亮度电子束团满足能量回收型直线加速器要求。此类光阴极都含有元素Cs,需在超高真空(UHV)下制备、转移及工作。本文简述了SINAP的双碱金属锑化物光阴极制备装置及各种仪器功能,提出了UHV获得、光阴极基底清洗和K-Cs-Sb光阴极制备过程的方案。通过实验测量了K-Cs-Sb光阴极QE与激光入射功率密度和波长的关系,并构想了基于此制备装置的K-Cs-Sb光阴极的其它性能测试实验。     

磁过滤阴极真空弧法制备纳米nc-ZrCN/a-C:H(N)复合薄膜

采用磁过滤阴极弧法,以金属zr为阴极在真空室中通人C2H2和N2混合气体来制备纳米nc-ZrcN/a-c:H(N)复合薄膜,用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜的能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线电子能谱(XPS)和纳米力学探针研究了薄膜的成分、结构及其性能.实验结果表明薄膜是由ZrCN和无定形碳两种纳米结构组成;气体流速对复合膜的的成分和结构有显著影响:随着混合气体流速的增加,薄膜的锆原子百分比减小,而N和C的含量逐渐增大,薄膜的硬度逐渐减小,ZrCN峰强度逐渐降低.     

镍海绵浸渍氧化物阴极在北京质子加速器中的应用和研究

描述了北京质子直线加速器（ＢＰＬ）双等离子体源中使用的一种低加热功率镍海绵浸渍氧化物阴极的结构、底金属表面的海绵化处理以及浸渍涂料的制备方法。介绍了该阴极的激活方法和实验结果。讨论了影响氧化物阴极使用寿命的主要因素。该阴极的使用寿命已达２１１０ｈ，可供引出脉冲束流２００ｍＡ。     

Ir—Ce合金阴极及其应用研究

重点研究了粉末冶金法制备Ｉｒ－Ｃｅ（铱－铈）合金阴极过程中压制压力和烧结温度对发射性能的影响，建立起了一套稳定的制备工艺。试验得到Ｉｒ－Ｃｅ掺Ｗ阴极在１７５３Ｋ时的发射电流密度达１２．４Ａ／ｃｍ２，电流密度保持为１．７Ａ／ｃｍ２，发射试验稳定达１５０ｈ。从机理上验证了它是一种高温大发射电流的发射体。试验还表明Ｉｒ－Ｃｅ阴极具有良好的抗中毒能力。作为应用研究，测量了该阴极在热阴极微波电子枪中的发射性能，微波腔场强约１０ＭＶ／ｍ，工作温度１９１３Ｋ，零场发射电流密度为１０Ａ／ｃｍ２，最大发射电流密度达２１Ａ／ｃｍ２，在２０２０Ｋ时计算零场发射电流密度可达４２Ａ／ｃｍ２。     

An experimental study on the degradation of the C12A7 hollow cathode

Emitter overheating is by far the greatest problem limiting the performance of novel C12A7 hollow cathodes. To explore the failure operating point and degradation mechanism of the C12A7 hollow cathode, microscopic analyses of a degraded electride emitter after 10 h of thermal electron emission are presented in this paper. The morphology and composition variation of overheated electride emitters by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate the melting and decomposition of electride of the surface layer. The monitored temperature of the electride emitter during the C12A7 hollow cathode operation shows that to avoid overheating the electride emitter, the average current density allowed should be about 64 mA mm−2 for the C12A7 hollow cathode in its current configuration. Experimental results of the heaterless C12A7 hollow cathode demonstrate that xenon (Xe) ion bombardment can remove the insulating layer and restore the thermionic emission capability for less degraded emitters. Based on experimental results and microscopic characterization, the depletion and degradation mechanisms of electride emitters during the hollow cathode operation are discussed.     

Parametric Study on Arc Behavior of Magnetically Diffused Arc

A model coupling the plasma with a cathode body is applied in the simulation of the diffuse state of a magnetically rotating arc.Four parametric studies are performed:on the external axial magnetic field (AMF),on the cathode shape,on the total current and on the inlet gas velocity.The numerical results show that:the cathode attachment focuses in the center of the cathode tip with zero AMF and gradually shifts off the axis with the increase of AMF;a larger cathode conical angle corresponds to a cathode arc attachment farther away off axis;the maximum values of plasma temperature increase with the total current;the plasma column in front of the cathode tip expands more severely in the axial direction,with a higher inlet speed;the cathode arc attachment shrinks towards the tip as the inlet speed increases.The various results are supposed to be explained by the joint effect of coupled cathode surface heating and plasma rotating flow.     

Feedback model of secondary electron emission in DC gas discharge plasmas

Feedback is said to exist in any amplifier when the fraction of output power in fed back as an input.Similarly,in gaseous discharge ions that incident on the cathode act as a natural feedback element to stabilize and self sustain the discharge.The present investigation is intended to emphasize the feedback nature of ions that emits secondary electrons(SEs)from the cathode surface in DC gas discharges.The average number of SEs emitted per incident ion and non ionic species(energetic neutrals,metastables and photons)which results from ion is defined as effective secondary electronemission coefficient(ESEEC,_Eg).In this study,we derive an analytic expression that corroborates the relation between_Eg and power influx by ion to the cathode based on the feedback theory of an amplifier.In addition,experimentally,we confirmed the typical positive feedback nature of SEEfrom the cathode in argon DC glow discharges.The experiment is done for three different cathode material of same dimension(tungsten(W),copper(Cu)and brass)under identical discharge conditions(pressure:0.45 mbar,cathode bias:-600 V,discharge gab:15 cm and operating gas:argon).Further,we found that the_Eg value of these cathode material controls the amount of feedback power given by ions.The difference in feedback leads different final output i.e the power carried by ion at cathode(P_i _C￠∣).The experimentally obtained value of P_i _C￠∣is 4.28 W,6.87 W and9.26 W respectively for W,Cu and brass.In addition,the present investigation reveals that the amount of feedback power in a DC gas discharges not only affect the fraction of power fed back to the cathode but also the entire characteristics of the discharge.     

阴极有半圆柱形凹槽的非对称磁控管型H~-离子源的试验研究

一、前言国内唯一的一台标准磁控管型H~-离子源已在1983年完成了桌上试验研究,达到了预期的指标。试验中发现,该源按弧功率估算应能引出更多的H~-束流(>50mA),H~-束流的引出除受该装置引出电压(<18kV)的限制外,阴极表面利用系数低也限制了H~-束流的引出,为提高源的效率,引用了阴极-阳极引出狭缝形状聚焦技术,试制了一个带半圆     

Preliminary investigation of possible low-temperature fusion

Preliminary tests have been made with electrolytic cells utilizing 0.2N LiOD in D₂O as the electrolyte and a palladium cathode surrounded by a wire-wound platinum anode operating at cathode current densities of 100–400 mA/cm². The cathodes were swaged to diameters of 2.8 or 5.5 mm with 8.5 cm of active length. The electrolyte temperature was controlled, heat was removed by flowing water in a cooling jacket, and the cell was insulated. Cooling water and electrolyte temperatures were measured by thermocouples, and neutron and gamma-ray spectra were recorded. The electrolyte level was periodically monitored and replenished with D₂O. Tests up to 2 weeks in duration were made with no sustained release of energy in excess of the electrical power input, although there was one period of 12 h when an unaccountable heat excess was observed. In another test, an anomalous neutron flux was measured during the first few hours that was 3.5 standard deviations above the background.     

Zinc Oxide Surface Flashover Triggering of Pseudospark Switch

Accurate and reliable triggering is one of the most important issues with high power pseudospark switch,because it not only has an impact on the design of discharge chamber of switch,but also has an influence on the dynamic range of operation voltage,repetition frequencies and lifetime of switch.The unique feature of pseudospark switch is its hollow cathode geometry.The hollow cathode effect produced by the hollow cathode provides the protection of the swithch for the triggering unit from erosion by high discharge plasma.In this paper,a zinc oxide(ZnO) surface flashover triggering is presented.This trigger unit possesses an excellent time delay(80ns-360ns) and jitter (20ns-50ns)at the switch voltage of 30kV-2kV.The emitted plasma electron density is high enough to trigger switch reliably down to switch voltage of 440V.     

Cooling enhancement of planar-balanced magnetron cathode

In physical vapor deposition on a magnetron cathode, temperature of sensitive components must be kept under threshold limit, so as to ensure the cathode reliability,the process reproducibility, and the best quality of thin films.This can be achieved by an adequate design to enhance the dissipation of heat generated at the cathode. In this paper,temperature distribution and streamlines velocity of the cathode coolant inside a cathode magnetron are analyzed by using CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT in the single-phase method in combination with k–e standards turbulent model.The results show that the design is appropriate under the calculation parameters, and for high heat densities some improvements are necessary to enhance heat dissipation and keep temperature under the threshold limit.     

Exploration of a MgO cathode for improving the intensity of pulsed discharge plasma at atmosphere

With regard to the lower density and energy of electrons in pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) at atmosphere, leading to the lower energy utilization of plasma, we propose a MgO cathode to enhance the plasma intensity according to field emission principle. The MgO cathode is prepared by an electro-depositing MgO film on a stainless steel plate. This way, the positive charges come to the cathode and accumulate on the surface of the MgO film, leading to the enhancement of the electric field intensity between the cathode and MgO film, and result in the strong emission of secondary electrons from the MgO cathode. As a result, the intensity of plasma can be enhanced. Herein, the effect of the MgO cathode on the intensity of PDP is investigated. It was shown that the discharge peak current was improved by 20% compared with that of without the MgO cathode. With increasing the MgO film thickness, discharge intensity, including the peak current, transforming charge and spectrum intensity first increased and then decreased. Higher enhancement of peak current, transforming charge and spectrum intensity were acquired with a higher peak voltage. Compared to a cathode without MgO film, the ozone production is higher with MgO cathode employed. The research proposes a novel approach for improving the intensity of discharge plasma, and also provides a reference for further application of PDP.