水热温度和酸洗浓度对水热法合成钛酸盐纳米管的影响

以P25纳米粉体和NaOH为原料,采用水热合成法制备出钛酸盐纳米管。通过TEM和XRD表征手段,研究了水热温度和酸洗浓度对钛酸盐纳米管微观形貌和晶型组成的影响。结果表明,用去离子水或低浓度的酸处理反应产物时,纳米管的结构清晰完整,其成分主要是H2Ti2O5.H2O;用高浓度的酸处理反应产物时会破坏纳米管结构,其成分主要是锐钛矿型TiO2。反应温度对产物的微观结构和晶型组成也有显著影响:水热温度90℃时的产物只能得到膜状物和少量纳米管,而水热温度从110℃升至190℃时,纳米管的长度逐渐增长,而管径基本不变;低温反应得到的产物晶型与原料类似,较高反应温度的产物为锐钛矿。     

高热稳定性锐钛矿型TiO2纳米粉体的制备

采用醇盐在有机溶剂中高温热水解与结晶同时进行的方法，制备了锐钛矿型TiO2纳米粉体．以XRD、BET、TEM、TG和DTA等方法对获得的粉体进行了表征．所制得的纳米粉体能在很宽的温度范围（200～700℃）内保持锐钛矿型晶体结构．经550℃煅烧所得的TiO2纳米粉体，平均粒径为14nm，比表面积在100m2／g以上．     

复合TiO2纳米管制备与表征

首次采用温和的制备方法制得Al2O3-TiO2纳米管.TiO2粉体在700℃下熔融、110℃水热反 应,制备了管径约为数纳米、单层管壁厚约为0.2纳米,管长约为数微米的复合Al2O3-TiO2纳米管.组织形貌和特性使用TEM、DRS和XRD进行表征.由于Al2O3的沉积在TiO2纳米管上,导致纳米管对紫外光的吸收蓝移40 nm.并对其形成机理进行了讨论.     

热稳定锐钛矿型多孔纳米二氧化钛的制备

以十二烷基胺盐酸盐为模板剂合成了多孔纳米TiO2粉体.研究了不同的pH值对TiO2纳米粉体的产率及粒子形貌的影响.结果表明获得的锐钛矿产品具有较高的热稳定性.由TEM、液氮吸附分析结果可以看出,样品为多孔结构,300℃煅烧之后,比表面积仍高达376m2/g.     

金属掺杂对纳米管TiO2光催化性能的影响

利用水热法,以DegussaP-25TiO2粉末为原料,AlCl3、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和ZnCl2为掺杂剂合成金属掺杂纳米管TiO2,并采用透射电镜(TEM)X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和BET比表面积分析对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,掺杂金属分别以Al3+ 、Fe3+和Zn2+的形式存在。随着煅烧温度的增高,样品的比表面积逐渐降低,锐钛矿含量先增大后减小;金属掺杂后,催化剂比表面积略有降低,锐钛矿含量 略 有 增 大。考 察 紫 外 光 催 化 臭 氧 化 工 艺 中TiO2降解腐植酸标志物的催化效果,结果表明,450℃煅烧未掺杂纳米管TiO2对腐植酸的催化降解效率为44%,较P-25TiO2粉末提高了11%;金属掺杂后催化效果提升明显,550℃煅烧Fe掺杂纳米管TiO2的催化效果最为显著,腐植酸去除率达77%。     

微波水热法制备纳米ZnO粉体的研究

以硝酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,通过微波水热法制备了ZnO纳米粉体。采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、激光粒度分析、比表面测试等手段对微波水热产物进行表征,并探讨了溶液体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间对微波水热反应所得ZnO粉体性能的影响。结果表明,微波水热反应体系的pH值、反应温度对所制备粉体的粒度分布有重要影响。制备ZnO纳米粉体的最佳反应条件为:溶液体系pH值为5,反应温度为130℃,反应时间为10min,在此工艺条件下制备的ZnO粉体比表面积为18.53m2/g,平均粒度约为61nm,粒径分布狭窄,结晶完整。     

金属掺杂对纳米管TiO2光催化性能的影响

利用水热法,以Degussa P-25TiO2粉末为原料,AlCl3、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和ZnCl2为掺杂剂合成金属掺杂纳米管TiO2,并采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和BET比表面积分析对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,掺杂金属分别以Al 3+、Fe3+和Zn2+的形式存在。随着煅烧温度的增高,样品的比表面积逐渐降低,锐钛矿含量先增大后减小;金属掺杂后,催化剂比表面积略有降低,锐钛矿含量略有增大。考察紫外光催化臭氧化工艺中TiO2降解腐植酸标志物的催化效果,结果表明,450℃煅烧未掺杂纳米管TiO2对腐植酸的催化降解效率为44%,较P-25TiO2粉末提高了11%;金属掺杂后催化效果提升明显,550℃煅烧Fe掺杂纳米管TiO2的催化效果最为显著,腐植酸去除率达77%。     

离子种类对金属掺杂纳米管TiO_2光催化活性的影响

使用市售Degussa P-25TiO2粉末,采用水热合成法制备了1.0%(原子分数)Ag+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mn2+和V5+掺杂纳米管TiO2催化剂。结果表明,随着煅烧温度增高,样品的比表面积逐渐降低,锐钛矿含量先增后减,禁带宽度逐渐变窄,变化范围与掺杂金属的种类有关。掺杂金属后,纳米管TiO2催化剂的比表面积略有降低,锐钛矿含量略有增大,禁带宽度变窄。向纳米管TiO2中掺杂Ag+、Cu2+、Fe3+和V5+,催化剂的光催化活性提高,而掺杂Mn2+,光催化活性略有降低。550℃煅烧1.0%Fe3+掺杂纳米管TiO2具有最好的催化效果,其254nm光催化臭氧氧化对腐植酸的去除率为77.4%。     

软模板法制备纳米TiO2介孔材料

以三嵌段共聚物EO20PO70EO20(P123)为模板剂,异丙醇钛(简称TTIP)为无机钛源,在适量强酸的催化作用下,由软模板法合成出TiO2介孔材料的前驱体凝胶后,经老化、煅烧得到了TiO2介孔材料.分别利用X射线衍射仪、高分辨率透射电子显微镜以及比表面积与孔径分析仪对制得的TiO2介孔材料的结构、形貌、比表面积和孔径进行了表征,并探讨了煅烧温度对介孔形成的影响.结果表明:通过调整原料的比例,在400℃下煅烧可得到局部结晶有序、比表面积大的纳米TiO2介孔材料.     

溶胶-凝胶-冷冻法制备纳米TiO2及其表征

为解决纳米TiO2粉体易产生团聚的问题,采用溶胶-凝胶与冷冻干燥法制备纳米TiO2粉体.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和紫外分光光度计对纳米TiO2粉体的物相组成、形貌和光催化活性进行了表征.实验结果表明:在400℃下所制得的TiO2纳米粉体的粒径约为6 nm,且粒度分布均匀,呈球形;所制得的TiO2纳米粉体在投加量为2 g/L时可使质量浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙溶液在2.5 h内几乎全部降解.溶胶-凝胶与冷冻干燥法再结合阶段升温焙烧法可得到分散性好、粒径小和光催化活性好的粉体.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...