水溶性防蜡剂FLW的合成与应用

FLW水基防蜡剂主要由1~#、2~#活性剂(用量分别为12.5％)、1％降粘剂和10％助溶剂组成。室内实验表明,防蜡剂加量为100×10~(-6)时,静态防蜡率大于60％,降粘率大于30％,动态防蜡率大于70％。现场试验表明,采用连续加药方式,可减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

油基清防蜡剂FLO的研究与应用

FLO油基清防蜡剂主要由1^#、2^#活性剂、降粘剂和有机溶剂组成。室内实验表明，溶蜡速率大于0．02g／min，静态防蜡率大于50％，降粘率大于30％，动态防蜡率大于60％。现场试验表明，采用定期加药方式，可减少洗井次数，提高油井产油量。     

哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油特性及HS防蜡剂的研究

 采用气相色谱、核磁共振和DSC热分析等方法,分析了哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油的组成和结构。采用显微镜和接触角仪研究了HS防蜡剂对哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油的防蜡机理。结果表明,哈萨克斯坦PKKR油井结蜡严重的主要原因是原油中沥青质+胶质与蜡的质量比低、采出液含水量低、原油中溶解气量较多、原油含高碳蜡且蜡的支链度低和井口温度低于析蜡点。HS防蜡剂对PKKR原油的防蜡率大于60%（部分油井防蜡率大于90%）。HS防蜡剂通过改变原油中蜡晶的结构,抑制其形成三维网状结构;改变蜡沉积表面的水润湿性能,形成不利于蜡沉积的表面,从而达到降低结蜡的目的。     

AF型清防蜡剂的研制及在赵凹油田的应用

针对赵凹油田安棚区决原油性质、地层特点、油井结蜡规律,研制开发出AF型清防蜡剂及配套的不放空、不停抽、带压加药工艺.在赵凹油田63口高含蜡油井的现场应用结果表明,该清防蜡剂可使油井的维护性作业井次年均减少18.5井次,同比降低25％,热洗井次年均减少328井次,同比降低53％,热洗周期平均延长40.6天,应用效果显著.     

油田新型电磁防蜡器应用效果分析

在采油过程中,油井结蜡现象非常普遍,特别是含蜡量高的油井.目前主要的清防蜡措施是加清防蜡药剂和人工热洗,严重的结蜡井需要不断地加药剂、短时间内进行热洗,增加了采油成本.新型电磁防蜡技术采用多磁场设计和电脑微处理芯片自动控制系统来实现最佳的防蜡效果.新型电磁防蜡器的应用减少了加药量,延长了热洗周期,节约了电量,取得了良好的节能效果.     

沈阳油田稀油井清防蜡技术研究与应用

沈阳油田稀油油井目前采用定期热洗进行清蜡,洗井对地层造成污染,降低采油时率,而且洗井费用很大.针对这种情况,研发出适合沈阳油田稀油区块油井防蜡的新型防蜡剂,不但延长了油井热洗周期,而且可以避免洗井对地层的污染、节约洗井费用、减少能源的消耗.新型防蜡剂具有成本低,安全可靠等优点,油井以抽油杆为动力,采用点滴加药泵加药,取得良好应用效果.     

YS-3清防蜡剂的研制

盘古梁油田原油含蜡量高（12%-20%）,部分油井严重结蜡致使热洗频繁。为此研发了以有机溶剂、表面活性剂和高分子聚合物（蜡晶改进剂）、渗透剂、加重剂等组成的油溶性YS-3清防蜡剂。测定结果表明：该清防蜡剂溶蜡速率为2.3 mg/mL.min（50℃）,加剂量为100 mg/L时防蜡率为58.8%,使原油凝点降低5℃,黏度降低19.7%。自2003年9月起,在盘古梁油田结蜡严重、热洗频繁的盘58-27和盘59-25两个井组10口井应用YS-3清防蜡剂,现场加剂量100-120 mg/L,油井平均热洗周期由145天延长到一年以上,清防蜡效果明显。表3参2。     

水基蜡晶改进剂型防蜡剂的研制与应用

为了克服油基清防蜡剂存在的有毒、易燃、密度小等缺点,解决水基清防蜡剂存在的清蜡效率低、防蜡效果差及乳液型防蜡剂稳定性差等不足,利用表面活性剂亲水亲油基团结构特点,将蜡晶改进剂均匀地分散在水中,研究出具有低毒不易燃烧、密度较大、清蜡效率高、防蜡效果好等优点的水基蜡晶改进剂型防蜡剂。室内实验表明,该防蜡剂在最佳的配比条件下,降黏率和动态防蜡率大于70%。现场试验表明,采用连续加药方式,可有效减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

防冻乳状型防蜡剂YZ238的研制

为了克服油基清防蜡剂存在的有毒、易燃、密度小等缺点,解决水基清防蜡剂存在的清蜡效率低、防蜡效果差等不足,研制出具有低毒、不易燃烧、防蜡效果好的YZ238防冻乳液型防蜡剂。该防蜡剂主要由1#、2#活性剂、蜡晶改进剂和有机溶剂组成。室内实验表明：该防蜡剂在最佳的配比条件下,稳定性≥270天,凝固点≤-30℃,静态防蜡率大于70％。     

固体防蜡技术在文南油田的应用

介绍了一种全新的油井防蜡技术，该技术具有工艺简单、防蜡效率高、可避免热洗对地层的伤害、有效期长等特点，主要用于解决油井结蜡问题，以延长检泵周期。     

投球机的使用与选择

投球机是常温油气集输管道的配套清蜡装置。工作时，投球机定期向管道中投入比管道公称通径小２ｍｍ的聚氨酯球，球在液流压差推动下向前移动，刮去附着在管壁上的积蜡和杂质，减小集输阻力。在介绍了投球机的主要技术特性后，分析了移动球筐式、拨轮技推式、螺旋半强制式和排链驱动式四种投球机的使用特点和选择范围。     

加速法测定石蜡臭味稳定性

介绍了一种加速测定石蜡臭味稳定性的方法，主要考察了温度、氧化时间、铜线等因素和样品本身的性质对试验结果的影响，并考察了国内部分石蜡产品的臭味稳定性，找出了试验温度、样品本身的性质等是影响该试验结果的主要因素。实验证明，该方法精密度较高，值得推广使用。     

低压水敏储层清防蜡技术

介绍了为解决低压水敏储层油井结蜡所开展的声波防蜡、微生物防蜡、磁防蜡技术的研究及应用。在对原油性质及储层特征进行研究的基础上,对油田常规热洗清蜡工艺进行了分析,提出了常规热洗清蜡工艺在解决低压水敏储层油井结蜡中存在的问题。通过几年的研究与应用,优选出适用于低压水敏储层油井的清防蜡工艺,确定了各清防蜡技术的技术界限。清防蜡新工艺与油井检泵周期结合,不仅达到杜绝储层污染、防止油井结蜡、保证油井稳定生产的目的,而且防蜡不影响油井正常生产,提高了油井生产时率、降低了油井清防蜡成本,提高了油田开发效率。现场共实施各种清防蜡措施456井次,减少热洗4256井次,节约热洗费用1414万元,创造经济效益1239万元,投入产出比达到1∶3。     

Catalyzed Oxidation of Paraffins

Abstract

Modification and blending technique based on paraffin and microcrystalline wax were the main direction of integrated utilizing and tapping paraffin resource. According to the mechanism of hydrocarbons' oxidation reaction, a kind of organic compound of manganese was chosen to be catalyst, a certain proportional paraffin and microcrystalline wax was adopted as raw material, and under certain conditions catalyzed oxidation reaction took place, a sample which could be used as a substitute for natural carnauba wax was obtained. Then its melting point was enhanced by physical blending and met the requirements of the standard. Combined with oxidation reaction mechanism, the catalytic action was studied and discussed. What could be confirmed is that catalyst could promote reaction, accelerate the reaction speed, and improve the product's selectivity.     

An Evaluation of the Performance of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Paraffin Deposition of Nigerian Crude Oils

Paraffin deposition in oil production constitutes a critical and difficult to control problem, in terms of productivity and production operation costs, going from the reservoir to surface facilities. In Nigeria, operators spend millions of dollars each year to control the deposition of paraffin and to deal with other paraffin deposition related problems. Expenditures of this magnitude obviously have a significant impact on profits. The main purpose of this work is to assess the net effect of many commercial wax inhibitors on paraffin deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems in Nigeria for the selection of an efficient additive. Deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems from Nigerian oilfields were examined with and without chemical wax deposition inhibitors. The devices used to produce the deposits investigated were cold spot and dynamic flow wax deposition apparatus capable of producing field-like deposits with relatively small volumes of oil in minutes. Results show that most of the commercial wax inhibitors tested could decrease the deposition of wax, but none has the economical capability to solve the paraffin deposition problem for an extended period of time. One intriguing result was that the addition of xylene improved the performance of three wax inhibitors tested. It was also observed that there are subtle differences in inhibitor performance depending on deposition tendencies of crude oil.     

Paraffin Deposition Mechanism and Paraffin Inhibition Technology for High-carbon Paraffin Crude Oil From the Kazakhstan PK Oilfield

The compositions and structure of the Kazakhstan PK crude oil is analyzed in the methods of GC, ¹H-NMR, and DSC. It was found that the main reasons for paraffin seriously depositing on the well wall were the higher carbon numbers in the paraffin molecule, lower branched-chain degree in the paraffin molecule, the lower content ratio of asphaltene and resin to paraffin, wellhead temperature being lower than paraffin-appearing temperature, the higher gas-oil ratio, and lower water cut in the produced liquid. A new paraffin inhibitor whose paraffin inhibition rate is above 60% for the Kazakhstan PK crude oil was developed. Its paraffin inhibition mechanism is researched by using microscope and contact angle instrument. The paraffin inhibition mechanism is mainly to prevent formation of paraffin crystal with network structure by modifying paraffin crystals structure and to form the surface against paraffin deposition by changing the wettability of the paraffin deposition surface.     

油井清防蜡剂的国内研究进展

综述了油井结蜡的机理及影响因素,详细地介绍了化学清蜡剂和化学防蜡剂的国内进展及各种清防蜡剂的优缺点,指出了未来研究的重点方向是高效、稳定、环保、适用性强、多功能的清防蜡剂。     

高分子防蜡剂结构及影响防蜡效果的因素

阐述了蜡的沉积机理和高分子防蜡剂的防蜡机理，并对高分子防蜡剂的结构特点和影响防蜡效果的因素进行了综述。分析了高分子防蜡剂的相对分子质量分布、极性基团含量、碳数匹配原则、原油中组分等在防蜡过程中的作用，结果表明，高分子防蜡剂的防蜡效率不仅与自身分子物理化学性质有关，而且还受原油中组分的影响。     

乳液型清防蜡剂WH-1的研制

研制出了一种乳液型清防蜡剂WH-1,具有清蜡、防蜡双重作用.研究了此清防蜡剂在不同温度下的最佳投加量和最佳使用温度,结果表明,此清防蜡剂的最佳使用温度为65 ℃,此温度下的最佳投加量为1.0 mL/g,其清蜡速率达0.168 g/min,防蜡率达52.10%.