储热材料在聚光太阳能热发电中的研究进展

储热系统是聚光太阳能热发电系统中的关键部分,介绍了熔盐、高温混凝土、金属合金等高温储热材料的物理性能及其在聚光太阳能热发电中的应用进展,指出了各种储热材料的优缺点,从储热材料的热物理性能、热稳定性、传热关系式等方面展望了储热材料在聚光太阳能热发电系统的研究.     

塔式太阳能热发电系统及聚光瞄准装置

<正>由何开浩研发的塔式太阳能热发电系统的聚光瞄准装置有聚光系统,吸、换热系统,储热系统和发电系统四部分组成。其中,聚光系统包括反射镜、支撑结构、传动装置和跟踪控制系统。塔式太阳能热发电系统采用光-热-     

纳米填料增强硝酸盐复合材料传储热性能的研究进展

硝酸盐凭借成本低、工作温度范围广等优点作为储热介质被广泛应用于聚光太阳能热发电系统。向硝酸盐中掺入纳米填料会使其传储热性能显著提高,可有效提高太阳能光热发电系统的发电效率。本文介绍了常见硝酸盐基纳米复合材料组分及制备方法,分析了纳米填料掺杂浓度和尺寸对硝酸盐纳米复合材料传储热性能的影响及其增强机制,最后指明硝酸盐纳米复合材料未来的研究方向。      

熔融盐/金属复合相变储热材料的研究进展

储热技术可以提高能源利用效率、解决能量供求在时间和空间上不匹配的矛盾,储热材料是其实际应用的关键。熔融盐具有传热、储热能力,是一种理想的相变储热材料,已广泛应用于储热技术中。熔融盐的导热系数一般为0.5～1.0 W/(m·K),作为相变储热材料,存在导热系数低的问题。而通过将其与金属材料复合可以大幅提高其导热系数,增强其储热性能,熔融盐/金属复合相变储热材料已成为熔融盐应用的重点研究方向之一。总结了镍、铝、铜、镁等金属元素以颗粒、泡沫、翅片等结构形式与熔融盐复合的复合相变储热材料的研究进展,还介绍了熔融盐/金属复合相变储热材料的制备方法及其在工业余热回收、太阳能热发电方面的应用,同时概述了高温熔融盐对金属的腐蚀行为。     

铝基合金储热材料在太阳能热发电中的应用及研究进展

铝基合金储热材料储热密度大,热导率高,热循环稳定性好,在太阳能热发电储热应用中具有明显优势.综述了铝基合金储热材料在国内外的研究状况,铁基合金铝液的腐蚀机理及各种抗腐蚀措施.铝基合金储热材料在实际应用中存在的主要问题是其液态腐蚀性较强.针对这一问题,指出研究多元铝基合金和金属-陶瓷复合相变储热材料将是铝基合金储热材料的发展方向.     

基于矿物特性的太阳能储热材料研究进展

相变材料因其优越潜热被广泛应用于太阳能光热技术中,绝大多数有机相变材料的导热系数非常低,大多介于0.1～0.4 W·m-1·K-1之间。此外,相变材料流动性大,因此需采用导热性能好、具有稳定结构的基体支撑有机相变材料,改善其应用性能。一些天然矿物具有适当的比热与导热系数、多孔道的微结构以及天然的热稳定性与化学兼容性等矿物特性,被用于支撑相变材料制备太阳能储热材料。探讨了矿物的结构特性与性能优势,总结了石墨、珍珠岩、蛭石、硅藻土、埃洛石以及石膏等矿物基太阳能储热材料的制备研究。在此基础上介绍了矿物基太阳能储热材料在太阳能建筑节能、太阳能热水器、太阳能热发电等太阳能光热领域中的应用,并展望了矿物基太阳能储热材料的发展趋势和应用前景。     

熔融盐相变储热材料的研究现状及发展趋势

熔融盐相变储热材料具有潜热大、储能密度高、过冷度小、热稳定性好、成本低等优点,广泛应用于太阳能热利用的储热介质.在对熔融盐相变储热材料进行分类的基础上,综述了国内外对碳酸盐、氯化盐和硝酸盐等储热材料在热物性和腐蚀性方面的研究现状.针对熔融盐储热材料导热率低的问题,详述了以膨胀石墨、金属、陶瓷、陶土等为基体材料、熔融盐为附体材料的高导热率复合材料制备方面的研究进展.最后展望了熔融盐相变储热材料的研究趋势.     

面向太阳能热发电的CaO-CO2热化学储热技术研究进展

太阳能热发电技术是缓解能源危机、改善生态环境的重要技术,其通过配备储热系统可解决太阳能不连续供给与连续的电能消耗之间的矛盾。CaO-CO₂热化学储热技术具有来源广泛、成本低廉及储热密度高等优势,具有广阔应用前景。对CaO-CO₂太阳能储热系统展开回顾与总结,介绍了其储热原理及与太阳能电站集成方案,分析了影响钙基材料储热的影响因素,阐述了提高钙基材料循环储热性能及机械性能的方法,以期为高性能钙基储热材料的设计与制备,及其在太阳能发电厂中的大规模应用开发提供参考与指导。     

太阳能热发电发展现状及趋势

太阳能热发电是将太阳能转化为热能,通过热功转化过程发电的技术[1]。利用这种技术的电站被称为太阳能热发电站。根据聚光方式的不同,主流的太阳能热发电技术分为塔式太阳能热发电、槽式太阳能热发电、碟式太阳能热发电和线性菲涅耳式太阳能热发电4种形式。     

奥氏体不锈钢304、316L和321在熔融硝酸盐中的耐腐蚀性

太阳能热发电系统中,储热系统是其中重要的一环。熔盐作为储热和传热介质,其研究与应用越来越广泛,但熔融硝酸盐的腐蚀现象依然是不能忽视的问题。针对不锈钢在熔融硝酸盐中的腐蚀问题,利用静态浸泡法,研究了530℃、氮气气氛下,3类奥氏体不锈钢在2种硝酸盐体系中的腐蚀行为,并探讨了不锈钢在熔融硝酸盐中的腐蚀机理,为今后太阳能热发电关键部件选材提供参考依据。     

Thermal energy reservoir capacities for solar absorption cooling systems

It is essential to incorporate both hot and cold energy storage for a solar absorption cooling system in order to maximize the saving of conventional electrical power. The paper correlates the thermal energy storage requirements with the daily cooling demand pattern of a building. The other parameters which affect the choice of the two storage volumes are the effective sunshine hours, the chiller cooling capacity, its daily operation period and the two storage temperature differentials. The results have been obtained in a generalized manner and applied to an actual building in Kuwait.     

High Rate Production of Clean Water Based on the Combined Photo‐Electro‐Thermal Effect of Graphene Architecture

The use of abundant solar energy for regeneration and desalination of water is a promising strategy to address the challenge of a global shortage of clean water. Progress has been made to develop photothermal materials to improve the solar steam generation performance. However, the mass production rate of water is still low. Herein, by a rational combination of photo‐electro‐thermal effect on an all‐graphene hybrid architecture, solar energy can not only be absorbed fully and transferred into heat, but also converted into electric power to further heat up the graphene skeleton frame for a much enhanced generation of water vapor. As a result, the unique graphene evaporator reaches a record high water production rate of 2.01–2.61 kg m^?2 h^?1 under solar illumination of 1 kW m^?2 even without system optimization. Several square meters of the graphene evaporators will provide a daily water supply that is enough for tens of people. The combination of photo‐electro‐thermal effect on graphene materials offers a new strategy to build a fast and scalable solar steam generation system, which makes an important step towards a solution for the scarcity of clean water.     

Augmentation of thermal power stations with solar energy

A new concept of integration of a solar concentrator field with a modern thermal power station is proposed. Such a configuration would utilise the existing equipment and infrastructure as a base load facility and solar energy to reduce the fuel consumption during periods of insolation. The methodology suggested involves feed water heating using a solar concentrator field and consequent reduction of steam extraction presently used for the purpose. Study of retrofit to a 210-MW coal-fired plant indicates that saving of fuel upto 24·5% during periods of insolation can be achieved for feed water heating upto the present level, which is to a temperature of 241°C. The annual saving in coal would be around 47,000 tons at an estimated cost of about Rs. 3 crores. A doubling of the savings, by heating to a higher temperature level of 330°C, is feasible with presently available solar technology. Areas needing detailed study for achieving such an integration are indicated. The control system required to allow for fluctuations in the solar output is outlined. It is felt that the proposed system, where solar energy contributes a small but significant fraction of the total output of the plant, would be easier to control than one where the total energy is provided by solar radiation. A preliminary estimate indicates that the proposed system may cost about half of a stand-alone solar plant with back-up fuel and with the same solar input. However site-specific studies need to be carried out to confirm these figures.     

相变材料导热性能强化的研究进展

相变储能复合材料对于缓解能源紧张状况,保护环境和提供舒适健康的生活环境具有积极的意义,在太阳能热发电、工业热利用及余热回收方面有显著优势。但是相变材料本身存在导热性能不高,容易腐蚀容器等问题,所以本文主要综述了相变材料导热性能强化的研究进展。首先介绍相变储能材料的现状以及存在的问题,然后讨论了以金属、陶瓷和碳质纳米材料作为导热强化材料在相变储能复合材料中的研究现状和成果,最后展望了经导热强化后的相变储能复合材料的前景。     

超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术应用

超临界二氧化碳循环可应用于火力发电、核能发电、太阳能热发电等多种发电技术领域,作为新型的动力循环系统替代目前广泛使用的汽轮发电机组或燃气轮机发电机组。在进入商业化应用之前,需要对超临界二氧化碳循环技术在各种应用场景下的优势及其潜在的社会和经济效益进行探讨。通过分析超临界二氧化碳循环的特点和优势,探索其与化石能源、核能、太阳能、生物质能、余热等各种热源相结合的可行性,提出多种发电系统方案,可为今后超临界二氧化碳循环的商业化应用提供参考。随着超临界二氧化碳循环技术不断成熟,设备成本进一步降低,其系统简化、结构紧凑、效率高等优势将更加突显。     

塔式太阳能热发电吸热器模拟计算

本文建立了塔式太阳能热发电高温吸热器传热性能数值计算模型,采用有限元分析方法进行模拟计算,编制了预测塔式太阳能热发电吸热器热工模拟程序。本文在综合考虑多场耦合特性的情况下,研究了吸热器单模块周向非均匀热流边界条件下吸热介质对流换热系数、吸热管外壁温度、光热转化效率的数值及分布。数值模拟为工程设计提供可靠的科学依据,为塔式太阳能热发电整体控制策略的制定提供参考。     

A Bistable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting and Solar Thermal Energy Conversion

Converting ubiquitous ambient low-grade thermal energy into electricity is of great significance for tackling the fossil energy shortage and environmental crisis but poses a considerable challenge. Here, a novel thermal-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TD-TENG) is developed, which utilizes a bimetallic beam with a bi-stable dynamic feature to induce continuous mechanical oscillations, and the mechanical motion is then converted into electric power using a contact-separation TENG. The thermal process inside the device is systematically investigated and effective thermal management is conducted accordingly. After optimization, the TD-TENG can produce a power density of 323.9 mW m⁻² at 59.5 °C, obtaining the highest record of TENG-based thermal energy harvesters. Besides, the first prototype of TENG-based solar thermal harvester is successfully demonstrated, with a power density of 364.4 mW m⁻². Moreover, the TD-TENG can harvest and dissipate the heat at the same time, exhibiting great potential in over-heated electronics protection as well as architectural energy conservation. Most importantly, the operation temperature range of the TD-TENG is tunable by adjusting the bimetal parameters, allowing the device a wide and flexible working thermal gradient. These unique properties validate the TD-TENG is a simple, feasible, cost-effective, and high-efficient low-grade thermal energy harvester.     

有机相变蓄冷材料的研究进展

本文概述了有机相变蓄冷材料和有机-无机复合相变蓄冷材料的研究进展,探讨了采用公式指导低共融物相变蓄冷材料配比和提高有机相变材料导热能力的方法,介绍了相变材料在太阳能利用、电力的峰谷平衡、空调节能与冷藏运输等方面的应用研究。指出相变材料的性能特性、相变机理、传热理论模型及复合技术是有机相变蓄冷材料研究的重点内容,有机复合相变蓄冷材料是今后有机相变材料的重点发展方向。     

Multilayer Polypyrrole Nanosheets with Self‐Organized Surface Structures for Flexible and Efficient Solar–Thermal Energy Conversion

Converting solar energy into concentrated heat is very appealing for various applications. Polypyrrole (PPy) is known to possess excellent photothermal property with low thermal conductivity, and thus is an ideal candidate for solar–thermal energy conversion. However, solar–thermal materials based on PPy or other conducting polymers still exhibit limited energy conversion efficiency due to the lack of effective light‐trapping schemes. Here, it is demonstrated that multilayer PPy nanosheets with spontaneously formed surface structures such as wrinkles and ridges via sequential polymerization on paper substrates can dramatically enhance broadband and wide‐angle light absorption across the full solar spectrum, leading to an impressive solar–thermal conversion efficiency of 95.33%. The intriguing solar–thermal properties and structural features of multilayer PPy nanosheets can be used for solar heating and photoactuators. Meanwhile, when used for solar steam generation, the measured efficiency could achieve ≈92% under one sun irradiation. The hierarchically multilayer structure is mechanically flexible and robust, holding great potential for practical solar energy utilization. This study provides a simple and straightforward approach toward engineering light‐weight and thermally insulating polymers into efficient solar–thermal materials for emerging solar energy‐related applications.     

Thermal energy reservoir capacities for solar absorption cooling systemsCapacité des accumulateurs d'énergie thermique pour les systèmes frigorifiques à absorption solaires

It is essential to incorporate both hot and cold energy storage for a solar absorption cooling system in order to maximize the saving of conventional electrical power. The paper correlates the thermal energy storage requirements with the daily cooling demand pattern of a building. The other parameters which affect the choice of the two storage volumes are the effective sunshine hours, the chiller cooling capacity, its daily operation period and the two storage temperature differentials. The results have been obtained in a generalized manner and applied to an actual building in Kuwait.