Volatile compounds of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) from microwave-heating and conventional roasting

The volatile compounds in raw, conventionally roasted and microwave roasted black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds at 0.45 kW for 2, 4, and 8 min, were analyzed by headspace-SPME gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the 38 volatile compounds identified, the major compounds were thymoquinone and p-cymene in all samples. The levels of these compounds decreased with roasting. However, concentrations of pyrazines and furans increased significantly as a result of roasting and these compounds may affect the flavor of roasted black cumin seeds. Methyl pyrazine and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine were major pyrazines, formed at high concentration in seeds roasted for 8 min and in conventional roasting.     

Characterization of phospholipid composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil was extracted with two different solvents, n-hexane (H) and a mixture of chloroform/methanol (CM) (2:1, by volume). Amount of total lipid (TL) was higher in the CM miscelle (39.2% of seed fresh weight) than in the H extract (37.9%). Chemical characteristics as well as fatty acid profile of the TL extracts were compared and the analysis revealed that the major fatty acid was linoleic acid C18:2n-6 (ca. 57% of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) followed by oleic acid C18:1n-9. Palmitic acid C16:0 was the major saturated fatty acid and detected in appreciable level. Chromatography on a silica column with solvent of increasing polarity yielded 96.1-97.2% neutral lipids (NL) and ca. 3% of polar lipids. Gas liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector (GLC/FID) showed that the major fatty acid present in all lipid classes was C18:2n-6 followed by C18:1n-9 and C16:0 acids, respectively. Phospholipid (PL) classes were separated via normal-phase HPLC. Separation was achieved on a silica column by gradient elution from isooctane/2-propanol (6:8, by volume) to isooctane/2-propanol/water (6:8:0.6, by volume) lasting 35 min with UV detection at 205 nm. The major individual PL classes were found to be phosphatidylcholine (PC; ca. 46-48% of total PL) followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), respectively. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were isolated in smaller quantities. The level of saturated fatty acids, namely palmitic C16:0 and stearic C18:0 acids, was considerably higher in PL classes than in the corresponding triacylglycerols. Characterization of PL profile from Nigella sativa L. seed oil as well as the development of new source of PL was the primary aim of this study.     

莴苣籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC/MS)对莴苣籽油中脂肪酸组成及相对含量进行了分析研究,同时按照国家标准对莴苣籽油的酸值、皂化值、碘值、折光率以及相对密度进行了测定。结果表明:莴苣籽油由亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸等10种脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸达75%以上,其中亚油酸53.18%,油酸17.22%,棕榈酸11.58%。研究结果为莴苣籽在食品及药品领域的开发提供了一定理论依据。     

Essential oil composition of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) form Turkey.

Constituents of essential oils of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) collected in different localities of Turkey in 1997 and 1998 have been identified by GC/MS. The effects of collection time and locality on the oil content and composition have been studied. The samples were classified into groups according to the main components: sabinene, gamma-terpiene, methyl thymol and terpinen-4-ol; gamma-terpinene, dill apiol and sabinene; gamma-terpiene, methyl thymol and limonene; p-cymene, methyl thymol and gamma-terpinen. (Z)-beta-ocimene and spathulenol were found with high percentage values in some samples. cis-p-Menth-4-en-1,2-diol was identified in only one oil. Early collected plants yielded oil rich in p-cymene. Effect of freezing plant did not have any important effect in oil composition.     

Identification of the composition of fatty acids in Eucommia ulmoides seed oil by fraction chain length and mass spectrometry

In order to automatically identify fatty acids in plant seed oils, a method was developed to search all saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the sample, subsequently calculate the ECL value of each fatty acid, and finally identify the molecular structure for each component by comparing the ECL of the interest and that in the customised database. Our method was applied to analyse the fatty acid composition of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil. The results show that major polyunsaturated fatty acids are α-linolenic acid (56.5093% of total fatty acids, TFAs) and linolelaidic acid (12.6563% of TFAs). Meanwhile, the main monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid whose percentage in the TFAs is 15.8008. Palmitic acid and steartic acid are the dominant saturated fatty acids representing 9.8165% and 2.5942% of TFAs, respectively. The UFA/SFA ratio (6.57) is higher than the recommended value (3) by nutritionists.     

Fatty acids and sterols of Amaranthus tricolor L.

The fatty acids and sterols of Amaranthus tricolor L. were examined by gas chromatography. The major unsaturated fatty acid in the seeds and stems was linoleic acid, while in leaves it was linolenic. The major saturated fatty acid found in seeds, stems and leaves was palmitic acid. Linolenic, lignoceric and arachidic were also present in seeds but in trace amounts. Five sterols were identified and spinasterol was present in the highest amounts. Among the seeds, stems and leaves a small amount of 24-methylenecycloartenol was found in the seeds only.     

广西河池、百色和梧州油茶种子含油率和脂肪酸组成测定

选取广西油茶重点产区河池、百色和梧州的主要油茶品种普通油茶、岑溪软枝油茶及大果红花油茶的种子为原料,石油醚为溶剂提取油茶种子的油脂及测定含油率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同油茶籽油试样的脂肪酸成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明：4个不同产地不同品种的油茶种子出仁率为53.29%～68.91%;干籽含油率为47.05%～59.51%;GC-MS共鉴定出14种脂肪酸,单不饱和酸含量为72.91%～80.11%,其中河池巴马软枝油茶籽油的单不饱和酸含量最高,为80.11%,主要成分是油酸;多不饱和酸含量为5.85%～9.14%,其中梧州岑溪软枝油茶籽油的多不饱和酸含量最高,为9.14%,主要成分是亚油酸;饱和脂肪酸含量为13.62%～17.95%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸;同时,广西油茶籽油中含有少量的9,10-环氧-十八碳烷酸尚未见报道。     

A comprehensive review of the physicochemical,quality and nutritional properties of Nigella sativa oil

Nigella sativa L. is an annual herb of the Ranunculaceae family, with the seeds called black cumin seed or black seed containing 34–39% oil. Its oil has many uses in traditional medicine and food industry. Black seed oil is a significant source of essential fatty acids, tocopherols (91–246 ppm), phytosterols (1993?2182 ppm), polyphenols (245–309 ppm), essential oils and other bioactive compounds. Thymoquinone is one of the important active compounds in the essential oil part of black seed oil with many health beneficial properties. Black seed oil is getting much attention either used alone or in combination with other vegetable oils. Therefore, providing information about the black seeds originating in different parts of the world, their oil composition and the effect of different oil extraction methods can be of great value. Environmental condition, cultivated areas, maturity period and storage conditions have significant effects on its properties. Black seed oil deserves more attention as a potential multi-purpose product. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, quality, and medicinal and nutritional aspects of black seed oil.     

特丁基对苯二酚与迷迭香提取物对亚麻荠籽油贮藏稳定性的影响

采用Schaal烘箱法与Rancimat法,以过氧化值(POV)及氧化诱导时间为指标,研究特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)与迷迭香提取物对亚麻荠籽油贮藏稳定性的影响,分析两种抗氧化剂对加速氧化前后亚麻荠籽油脂肪酸组成的影响,对比分析两种方法在预测亚麻荠籽油货架期方面的准确性。结果表明:亚麻荠籽油氧化稳定性较差,TBHQ与迷迭香提取物可有效延长亚麻荠籽油的贮藏时间,其中0.02% TBHQ与0.04%迷迭香提取物配合使用效果最佳,20℃下预期贮藏时间延长至608 d以上。加速氧化后亚麻荠籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)减少约59.8%,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)与单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)分别增多约101.9%与71.8%,添加不同抗氧化剂后亚麻荠籽油脂肪酸组成与烘箱法预测的货架期呈极显著相关性(P<0.01)。Rancimat法与Schaal烘箱法预测货架期存在较大差异,Schaal烘箱法预测亚麻荠籽油货架期具有更高准确性。     

Fatty acids of neutral and phospholipids of three endangered trout: Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, Salmo trutta labrax Pallas and Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril

Total (TL), neutral (NL) and phospholipid (PL) amounts and fatty acid (FA) composition of female Salmo trutta caspius, Salmo trutta labrax and Salmo trutta macrostigma were investigated during one year. Twenty-three FAs were identified in both NLs and PLs. The principal FAs of both fractions were palmitic acid in saturated fatty acid, oleic acid in monounsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and linoleic acid in n-6 PUFAs. The highest values for TLs, NLs and PLs were found in winter. As a general trend, the highest n-3/n-6 ratios and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + DHA amounts were found in the winter and this coincided with the lowest gonado-somatic index.     

一种高利用价值油料作物-亚麻荠的研究进展

本文在对亚麻荠的栽培和育种现状进行阐述的基础上,重点概括了其种子中两种主要化学成分油脂和蛋白,具体包括油脂含量和脂肪酸组成、脂质活性成分及降血脂作用、油脂在生物能源上的应用,蛋白含量和氨基酸组成、蛋白饼粕加工利用等方面的研究现状。分析了约束亚麻荠发展的因素,并提出了相应的建议。     

Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction

Physicochemical properties of two Nigella seed varieties, having a Tunisian and Iranian origin, were determined. Physical and chemical analyses of crude oils extracted from the seeds by a cold solvent method were also performed. The following results (on a dry-weight basis) were obtained for Tunisian and Iranian varieties, respectively: protein 26.7% and 22.6%, oil 28.48% and 40.35%, ash 4.86% and 4.41%, and total carbohydrate 40.0% and 32.7%. The major unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (50.3–49.2%), followed by oleic acid (25.0–23.7%), while the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid (17.2–18.4%). Myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, margaric, margaroleic, stearic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic and lignoceric acids were also detected. Thermal profiles of both Nigella seed varieties, determined by their DSC melting curves, revealed different thermograms. Sensorial profiles of Tunisian and Iranian seed oils were defined through the CieLab (L^∗, a^∗, b^∗) colour, oxidative stability by Rancimat test and viscosity. Physicochemical properties of the oils for Tunisian and Iranian varieties, respectively, include: saponification number 211 and 217, peroxide value 5.65 and 4.35, iodine index 120 and 101, and an acidity of 22.7% and 18.6%. Results suggested that Nigella seed oil could deserve further consideration and investigation as a potential new multi-purpose product for industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses.     

Nutritional value, functional properties and nutraceutical applications of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.): an overview

Non‐conventional seeds are being considered because their constituents have unique chemical properties and may augment the supply of nutritional and functional products. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds and its crude or essential oils have been widely used in traditional nutritional and medicinal applications. Consequently, black cumin has been extensively studied for its nutritional value and biological activities. The black cumin oilseed had been shown to be anticancer, antidiabetic, antiradical and immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive and renal protective. Moreover, black seeds have many antioxidative properties and activities. In consideration of potential utilisation, detailed knowledge on the composition of black cumin oilseed is of major importance. The diversity of applications to which black cumin can be put gives this oilseed great industrial importance. This review summarises the nutritional value, functional properties and nutraceutical applications of black cumin (N. sativa L.) oilseeds.     

超临界条件下油脂氢化研究进展

近年来,反式脂肪酸带来健康问题日益引起人们关注,过多摄入反式脂肪酸将会引发心血管等多种疾病,而油脂氢化过程是产生反式脂肪酸主要来源之一;在超临界条件下进行油脂氢化可大大减少反式脂肪酸形成,已成为当前研究热点。该文主要介绍超临界流体特性及其在油脂氢化工艺中应用。     

肉类脂肪酸的营养与免疫调节作用

综述了肉类脂肪中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸及共轭多不饱和脂肪酸构成特性及其对人体的营养与健康功能,以及肉类脂肪中三酰甘油、磷脂、固醇类等的免疫调节作用与疾病的关系。     

不饱和脂肪酸自动氧化形成反式脂肪酸机理研究进展

食用油热加工过程中由其不饱和脂肪酸异构化产生的反式脂肪酸 (TFAs) 对人体健康存在风险,有效控制TFAs的形成,对提升食品安全水平具有重要意义。以前研究者们重点关注的是油脂不完全氢化形成TFAs机理研究,而无需催化剂条件下油脂中不饱和脂肪酸热致异构化机理和氢化机理完全不同。而近年来油脂热处理过程中关注最多的顺反异构主要集中在C=C上的异构现象,因此,本文将着重总结不饱和脂肪酸自动氧化形成反式脂肪酸机理,旨在为为高脂食品中反式脂肪酸形成抑制作用研究提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Formation of trans fatty acids in edible oils during the frying and heating process

To assess an impact of heated edible oils on intake of trans fat, the formations of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in cooking conditions was estimated by a frying and heating model system. For the frying model, sliced raw potatoes (10% of the frying oil (w/w)) were fried in commercially available canola oil at 160, 180 and 200 °C, and the 10 frying cycles were performed. The TFAs contained both in fried potatoes and in frying oils were measured by gas chromatography (GC). Lipids content of raw potatoes was about 0.1% (w/w) and TFAs in the raw potatoes were negligible. On the other hand, fried potatoes contained lipids at the level of 8.8%–9.2% and their fatty acid composition was mostly in correspondence with that of the frying oil. The TFAs amount of potatoes fried by the tenth frying operation was at the level of 0.99–1.05 g/100 g lipids. When 100 g potatoes fried in this process were consumed, the TFAs intake was estimated at less than 0.1 g. After 10 frying operations, TFAs content, acid values and peroxide values of the frying oils were measured and compared with those of corresponding heated canola oils without food. The amounts of trans 18:1 FAs contained both in the frying oil and in heated oil were less than the quantitative limit (0.047 g/100 g oil). The increases of trans 18:2 FAs and trans 18:3 FAs of the used frying oil were 0.02 g/100 and 0.05 g/100 g, respectively, compared with those of the fresh oil. trans 18:2 FAs accumulation in the heated oil was slightly less than that in the frying oil. To elucidate TFAs accumulation in various edible oils during cooking, six kinds of commercially available edible vegetable oils were heated to 180 °C in glass test tubes. Small changes in TFAs amounts were observed after four hours heating. These results suggested that an ordinary frying process using unhydrogenated edible oils has little impact on TFAs intake from edible oils.     

Total Plant Analyses of Sterols and Fatty Acids of the Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Various parts of the winged bean plant, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus were analyzed for sterols and fatty acids. The major sterols were sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. Sitosterol occurred in greatest amounts except in roots where stigmasterol was the predominant sterol. In seeds, behenic acid (22:0) comprised 13.5% of the total fatty acids, whereas, in the other plant parts it varied from 0.1–6.9%. Leaves contained the highest level of fatty acids, but only 22% of these fatty acids were saturated.     

三种洋葱籽脂肪酸成分的对比研究

采用索氏提取法提取洋葱籽油脂肪酸,提取出的脂肪酸经甲酯化处理后用GC/MS法分析和鉴定其组成。三种洋葱籽油中共分离鉴定出23种脂肪酸,主要成分均为亚油酸、油酸和十六烷酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸占总量的81.35%(白皮)、82.8%(红皮)和78.94%(黄皮)。结果表明,洋葱籽中不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,且亚油酸含量很高,将其开发成为药食两用功能性调味品,当具有良好应用前景。     

微波加热吹气吸附法提取/气-质联机分析孜然芹挥发油

采用微波加热吹气吸附法从孜然芹籽中提取孜然芹精油,萃取率4.45%。对采用气-质联机对所得精油的挥发性成分进行分析,共鉴定出34种物质,总相对含量为95.14%,主要成分为枯茗醛(27.05%)、枯茗醇(25.14%)、β-水芹烯(13.34%)、γ-松油烯(12.45%)、对伞花烃(12.27%)等。