基于变尺度格子气方法的气固相间曳力模型

基于变尺度格子气方法,建立了气固相间曳力模型,对气固两相之间的耦合机制进行了研究,从微观角度出发,得到了气固两相之间相互作用的宏观行为。文章用此模型对气固两相流系统进行了模拟,模拟结果与四种经典曳力模型的模拟结果一致,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。     

三维单旋导向挡板鼓泡流化床内气固流动的CPFD模拟

单旋导向挡板是一种广泛应用于流化床反应器中的横向内构件,研究其对鼓泡流化床内气固流动的影响具有重要意义.采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法耦合Igci曳力模型研究带有两层单旋导向挡板的鼓泡流化床内的三维气固流动,并与空筒鼓泡流化床作对比.首先将轴向和径向时均固含率分布的模拟结果和实验数据进行对比,验证了该计算方法的可...     

快速流化床内气固两相流动态压力的实验研究

对快速流化床内轴向动态压力进行了测量,分别通过标准偏差、功率谱以及多尺度小波分析研究了流化床内的动态特性。研究结果表明:压力脉动的强度沿轴向由下至上逐渐衰减,且在循环速率较高时,底部压力脉动标准偏差与顶部之间存在着明显的转折;压力信号的主频随着颗粒质量流率的增加,其所对应的峰值(即脉动强度)有所增加,而主频的频率逐渐降低。通过压力脉动的小波多尺度分析表明:流化床内压力脉动中,小尺度信号主要体现在由于气体与颗粒的湍动、颗粒碰撞、颗粒团聚物的形成与破裂等高频部分的信号;中尺度信号主要捕获来自于不稳定进料所引起的较大的压力脉动;大尺度信号与床层的宏观稳定性相关。研究结果表明,通过对动态信号的微观分析可以深入认识气固两相流的瞬态参数特性以及气固间的相互作用机制。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气固两相流的数值模拟

应用欧拉双流体模型模拟了某化肥厂现运行的灰熔聚流化床煤气化炉(用ICC表示)内的气固两相流动行为,得出了所模拟ICC的合理流化气速与喷动气速的速度范围及匹配关系:流化气速不能太小,否则布风板区域会出现死区;流化气速也不能太大,否则将失去ICC的设计运行特点.当流化气速一定时,随喷动气速的增加,搅动混合增强,但过大的喷动气速会使床内的流动结构出现腾涌,不利于ICC的高效安全运行.     

气—固流化床反应器内流体力学模拟进展

1前言气－固流化床内多相流体力学模拟，是将流体流动、传递特性、化学反应理论与机理实验、反应回的开发和放大相结合，对模拟的基木方程组、教学模型、数值方法和计算程序等用计8机来进行综合分析的过程，旨在为此类反应器的开发与放大提供必要的理论依据。其优点在于：（1）用模拟方法在计算机上进行试验可以节省大量的人力和物力的投人，比实际控量上进行试验更加迅速、经济Z（2）基于质量、动量、能量三大守恒定律的多相民体力学机型，外推容易，可以增加放大信我，使小试结果放大为工业生产注置的周用大大约怄；（3）采用流体力学模…     

气固流化床启动阶段挡板内构件受力特性的CFD-DEM模拟

流化床启动阶段内构件会受到较大的破坏性载荷冲击,为了保障流化床内构件的长周期可靠性,需要掌握这个阶段内构件在流化床内的受力特性。首先提出了一种统计内构件表面受力的方法,将微观颗粒-挡板作用信息转换为宏观挡板受力载荷信息。在此基础上采用CFD-DEM方法,统计分析了流化床启动阶段床层中水平挡板内构件的受力载荷特性。研究结果表明：CFD-DEM方法可半定量复现实验中启动阶段内构件表面受到的动态载荷信号,并复现了表观气速和颗粒粒径对挡板峰值载荷强度的影响规律。本研究证明了内构件表面受力载荷强度统计方法的正确性和CFD-DEM统计分析受力载荷的可行性。     

气固流化床压力脉动信号的混沌特征分析

对气固流化床内压力脉动时间序列进行分析,研究了流化床内的混沌特性,分别利用李雅普诺夫指数、相对分散度、分形维数和混沌度来定量描述稳定性、复杂性,自由度和系统状态数,证明四个混沌特征参数的相关性是好的,得到了混沌特性随着气速和床层高度的变化趋势,并且提出气泡行为是流化床内产生混沌运动的重要原因。     

粗糙颗粒动理学及流化床内气固流动的数值模拟

基于气体分子动理学和颗粒动理学理论,考虑颗粒旋转流动对颗粒碰撞能量交换和耗散的影响,建立粗糙颗粒动理学。采用Chapman-Enskog颗粒速度分布函数,提出了颗粒相应力、热通量和颗粒碰撞能量耗散计算模型。采用欧拉-欧拉气固双相流模型,数值模拟鼓泡流化床内气体-颗粒两相流动特性。模拟结果得到了床内颗粒相速度和脉动速度分布,与Yuu等实验结果相吻合。分析不同的切向弹性恢复系数对颗粒相拟总温的变化规律,结果表明在低颗粒浓度时颗粒拟总温随切向弹性恢复系数而增加。     

气—固流化床颗粒的内循环流动

从多尺度范围考察了气－固流化床内尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流的运动规律,将分散的尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流连续介质化,从流变学角度定义了颗粒洗粘度,用流体力学方法建立了内循环流动结构的多尺度,连续介质流模型,较好地揭示了颗粒循环循环流动的规律。实验观测支持模型预测结果。     

非均匀气固两相系统中多尺度传质模型

建立了适用于气固循环流化床的多尺度传质模型 .从过程与尺度的角度出发 ,将非均匀气固两相流中的传质过程分解为静态与动态的过程 ,并将前者分解为稀相内、密相内以及稀密相间 3个尺度下的传质 ;在用多尺度能量最小 (EMMS)模型求解已知物系性质和操作条件的非均匀气固两相流体动力学参数的基础上 ,借助于前人的研究结果 ,利用相对滑移速度、空隙率等参数求解传质系数 ,求得轴向的浓度场分布 ,并讨论非均匀两相流动结构对传质效率的影响     

Tomographic diagnosis of gas maldistribution in gas-solid fluidized beds

Phase distribution is one of the key hydrodynamic parameters useful for the design and performance assessment of fluidized bed dryers (FBDs). It has direct influence on the drying rate, thermal efficiency, residence time distribution and degree of mixing. The quality of fluidization strongly depends on the uniformity of distribution of the fluidizing gas and the physical properties of the material to be fluidized. In the present work, gamma ray tomography (GRT) study was carried out in the form of chordal solid hold-up, which was found to be greatly influenced by the gas distributor design. The performance of a gas distributor due to the prevalent practice of operating at lower values of distributor-to-bed pressure drop ratio was characterized in a 0.15 m diameter fluidized bed dryer over a broad range of superficial gas velocity. The effects of various parameters such as solids loading, particle size and particle density were analyzed with the help of the reconstructed solid hold-up profiles. The fluidization was studied in terms of maldistribution factor (χ), a value of 5% or less can be obtained by properly designing distributor for a given bed loading, particularly for batch fluidized bed dryers. An industrial size fluidized bed dryer of 1 m diameter was also examined tomographically to obtain quantitative information on the solid hold-up distribution within the bed.     

Hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow around immersed tubes in bubbling fluidized beds

A numerical study was conducted based on the gas-solid two-fluid model using the body-fitted coordinate system to analyze the behavior of particles and bubbles flow in bubbling fluidized beds without and with immersed tubes. The kinetic theory of granular flow was implemented in the model. The images of simulated instantaneous particle concentration and velocity gave the process of the formation, coalescence and eruption of bubbles. The effects of the tube pitch and superficial gas velocity on the fluidization in a bubbling fluidized bed were investigated. Calculated bubble frequencies without and with immersed tubes were in agreement with previous experimental and simulation findings. The wavelet multi-resolution analysis was used to analyze the simulated data of instantaneous particle concentration. From the random-like particle concentration fluctuations, the fluctuating components due to particle flow and bubble motion can be extracted based on the wavelet multi-resolution analysis over a time-frequency plane.     

Effect of louver baffles on hydrodynamics and gas mixing in a fluidized bed of FCC particles

The effect of louver baffles on the particle concentration profiles, pressure fluctuations, bed expansion, and gas mixing of a fluidized bed was investigated in a transparent 2-D column of cross-section 500×30 mm and height 6 m over a broad range of operating conditions covering both the bubbling and turbulent flow regimes. Visual observations, pressure fluctuations and steady gas tracer experiments showed that louver baffles can break bubbles, as indicted by the lower amplitudes and higher mean frequencies of differential pressure fluctuations, but they were only effective for superficial gas velocities <∼0.7 m/s for the FCC particles considered in this study. The ability of louver baffles to break bubbles reached a maximum near the onset of the turbulent flow regime. A gas cushion of low particle concentration appeared below the louver baffle, and its height increased with increasing superficial gas velocity, indicating increasing suppression of solids backmixing. Internal emulsion circulation was promoted above the louver baffle, causing an uneven distribution of gas flow. The addition of louver baffles reduced the upstream tracer gas concentrations by 80-90%, indicating a significant decrease in the backmixing fluxes of both gas and solids across the baffle layer. The tracer gas concentrations above the louver baffles increased resulting from the promoted emulsion circulation by louver baffles.     

Effect of thrust on supersonic gas jet penetration in gas-solid fluidized beds

Most of the jet penetration studies in gas-solid fluidized beds are for subsonic gas jets, for which many correlations can be found in the literature. In this work, horizontal supersonic gas jets, produced by convergent-divergent nozzles, have been studied, and the intent was to investigate the relationship between the thrust produced by supersonic nozzles and the jet penetration. Different nozzle geometries were used, with three gases having different characteristics (air, helium and carbon dioxide) and at different pressures. All the experimental runs were performed with silica sand particles with the same particle size distribution, and the fluidization velocity was set at a constant value of 0.09 m/s.Jet penetration was measured with a set of triboelectric probes, and it was found that the correlation proposed by Merry, although originally developed for subsonic gas jets, fits really well the experimental results. It was also confirmed that jet penetration displays a strong correlation with the thrust produced by the convergent-divergent nozzles.A correlation originally proposed by Benjelloun's has been modified and the corrected correlation gives the best predictions for gas jet penetration     

Moving-bed solids flow between two fluidized beds

A simplified form of the macroscopic momentum balance for two-phase flow is applied to moving-bed solids flow in an inclined pipe connecting two fluidized beds. The resulting equation shows that the gravity force of the material in the pipe is counter-balanced by the pressure drop across the pipe and the wall friction. In order to account for the wall friction, a friction factor analogous to the Fanning friction factor in fluid flow is defined, and a friction factor correlation is established based on the data of Trees [11]. The friction factor is found to be a function of the solids flow rate and the pipe diameter.The flow curves of moving-bed solids were also constructed based on the data of Trees. The resulting straight lines show the power-law type flow behavior of the solids. And from the power law indices, it has been shown that the data fit well with the generalized friction factor correlation by Metzner and Reed [16]. It is also observed that data of different pipe diameters yield separate flow curves, which is unusual for time-independent fluids. However, the possibility that moving-bed solids may be time dependent can be ruled out because data of different pipe lengths do fall on a single line.     

不等粒径流化床的软球模拟

基于颗粒轨道模型,提出了粒径分别服从均匀分布与正态分布的软球方法,其中流体运动用Navier-Stokes方程描述,颗粒运动服从牛顿第二定理.模拟了不等粒径流化床中的气泡和节涌现象,并分别研究了表观气速、颗粒刚度系数、粒径分布不同时,固相颗粒的速度分布规律.其研究结果表明：分布板结构和表观气速对气泡行为有一定影响,随表观气速的增加,气泡形成、上升、破裂的速度加快;并且刚度系数越大,颗粒轴向速度随时间衰减越快;宽粒径分布的颗粒轴向速度大于窄粒径分布的颗粒轴向速度.     

Size segregation in gas-solid fluidized beds with continuous size distributions

Discrete-particle simulations of a gas-solid fluidized bed are used to investigate the species segregation (de-mixing) behavior of systems with continuous particle size distributions. Both Gaussian and lognormal distributions are investigated over a range of distribution widths, restitution and friction coefficients, and gas velocities. The results indicate that: (i) the average particle diameter decreases as the height within the bed increases, (ii) the level of segregation increases with an increase in the width of the particle size distribution, and (iii) segregation is attenuated as bubbling becomes more vigorous. Furthermore, the shape of the local size distribution (i.e., Gaussian or lognormal) is found to mimic that of the overall size distribution in most regions of the fluidized bed.     

Bubble flow in pressurized gas/solid fluidized beds

This contribution presents the measurements of bubble behaviour in presence of A, B and D powders in a semi-industrial scale pressurized fluidized bed. Local measurements were taken at static pressures of 0.2, 1.0 and 2.5 MPa, using capacitance probes. Quartz sand with mean particle diameter of 157 μm was fluidized in small “two-dimensional” transparent equipment with Frigen R 115. In addition, pressure fluctuations in the bulk of the fluidized bed with inner diameter of 0.4 m were studied experimentally.