AP1000冷管段小破口失水事故分析

基于压水堆最佳估算程序RELAP5/MOD3.4,对AP1000的冷却剂系统和非能动堆芯冷却系统进行建模分析,得到了系统压力、破口流量、燃料包壳温度等关键参数的瞬态变化,计算结果与西屋公司采用NOTRUMP程序计算的结果基本一致。分析表明：AP1000的非能动专设安全设施能有效地对一回路进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热,验证了AP1000发生冷管段小破口失水事故后的安全性。     

AP1000核电厂直接注射管线双端断裂小破口失水事故计算

基于压水堆最佳估算程序RELAP5/MOD3.3,对AP1000核电厂冷却剂系统和非能动堆芯冷却系统进行建模分析,得到在直接注入管线发生双端断裂事故下,系统压力、破口流量、系统水装量等关键参数的瞬态变化,计算结果与西屋公司采用NOTRUMP程序的计算结果基本一致。分析表明:AP1000的非能动专设安全设施能有效对一回路进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热,验证了AP1000发生DVI双端断裂事故后的安全性。     

SCDAP/Relap5 3.2程序分层夹带模型敏感性分析

在AP1000中,连接堆芯补水箱和冷腿间的压力平衡管线中的气泡份额决定了堆芯补水箱的注入量,其中,气泡源自冷腿中的分层夹带。为研究AP1000核电站中气-液分层夹带现象对堆芯非能动余热排出系统的整体特性的影响,本文以Relap5/Mod3.2作为计算平台,建立了AP1000小破口失水事故模型并进行了数值计算,对比了采用与不采用水平分层夹带模型的计算结果,发现该模型对事故发展有重要的影响。     

AP1000核电厂自动泄压系统误启动事故计算

基于最佳估算程序RELAP5/MOD3.3,对AP1000核电厂冷却剂系统和非能动堆芯冷却系统进行了建模分析,得到了自动泄压系统(ADS)阀门误启动事故下,系统压力、破口流量、系统水装量等参数的瞬态变化,计算结果与西屋公司采用NOTRUMP程序的计算结果进行了比较与分析。结果表明:AP1000核电厂的非能动专设安全设施能有效对一回路进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热,验证了AP1000发生ADS阀门误启动事故后的安全性。     

RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对非能动核电厂小破口失水事故的适用性研究

AP1000核电厂采用非能动堆芯冷却系统来缓解小破口失水事故(SBLOCA),缓解事故的理念是流动冷却。RELAP5/MOD3.3程序适用于传统核电厂SBLOCA研究,对于非能动电厂SBLOCA研究的适用性需重新研究与评估。本工作基于非能动电厂小破口失水事故的分析,结合RELAP5/MOD3.3的结构与模型,对其进行评估和改进。为验证改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的适用性,以AP1000小破口失水事故的验证试验台架APEX-1000为模拟对象,分析模拟DBA-02、NRC-05事故工况。分析结果表明,改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。     

4×4燃料组件考验装置小破口失水事故分析

采用ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ３热工水力瞬态分析程序，对４×４燃料组件考验装置（以下简称考验装置）小破口失水事故进行了分析计算，预计小破口失水事故下堆芯的热工水力行为（选取当量直径为φ４ｍｍ小破口）。分析结果表明：在发生当量直径为φ４ｍｍ的小破口失水事故下，考验装置专设安注系统能确保考验堆芯安全，且不会危及高通量反应堆。     

小破口失水事故非能动系统瞬态特性研究

为了解先进压水堆小破口失水事故下非能动安全壳冷却系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、非能动余热排出系统的瞬态响应特性,需开展小破口失水事故下反应堆冷却剂系统和安全壳的耦合响应特性研究。分析结果表明,小破口失水事故下,耦合分析中非能动余热排出系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、自动卸压系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统的特性与独立计算有较大差异,小破口失水事故下耦合分析得到的安全壳压力峰值小于独立计算。      

AP1000小破口失水事故ADS-4液滴夹带关系式评价分析

1000 MW非能动先进压水堆AP1000小破口自动降压系统(ADS)喷放阶段,ADS-4阀门开启,直接向安全壳喷放。当热段内的蒸汽流速达到临界值时,热段内的液相以液滴的形式通过ADS-4夹带至安全壳。本文采用美国俄勒冈州立大学ATLATS试验装置获得的液滴夹带关系式对RELAP5程序的源代码进行修改,进而采用修改版的RELAP5程序针对AP1000 5.08 cm冷段小破口失水事故过程ADS-4的液滴夹带特性进行研究。计算结果表明,RELAP5现有的液滴夹带模型对通过ADS-4的液滴夹带量预测偏低,这将导致不保守的安全分析结果。     

主回路小破口失水事故分析

采用RETRAN-02程序,建立主回路小破口失水事故典型模型,计算了某反应堆主回路小破口失水事故时各种热工水力参数的瞬态变化,分析了该事故发生时的物理过程及预防措施。分析表明,该反应堆具有良好的抵御此类事故的能力。     

AP1000小破口失水始发严重事故的源项研究

建立AP1000的事故分析模型,选取小破口失水始发的严重事故,在研究事故进程的基础上,分析计算事故下裂变产物释放和迁移的特性,重点关注惰性气体、挥发性裂变产物和非挥发性裂变产物在核电厂的分布,并选择破口位置、破口尺寸和安全壳泄漏率进行源项敏感性分析.本文分析结果可为严重事故管理和厂外放射性后果评价提供支持.     

小型堆破口失水事故初步研究

为验证中国广核集团小型堆方案设计,尤其是其中非能动安全注入系统的初步设计,基于RELAP/SCDAPSIM程序,建立了小型堆的一、二回路系统和非能动安全注入系统模型,模拟计算了冷管段0.04 m等效直径破口、冷管段0.2 m等效直径破口、直接注入管道双端断裂、自动卸压系统误启动等LOCA工况。计算结果表明,一回路可实现有效的冷却和降压,堆芯不会过热,验证了其非能动安全注入系统的设计合理性和反应堆系统的安全性。     

Analysis of LSC phenomena of ATLAS cold leg SBLOCA tests using MARS-KS code

Loop seal clearing (LSC) is an important phenomenon for the safety of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) during a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). The investigation on an LSC phenomenon of 4″, 6″, and 8.5″ break cold leg SBLOCAs simulated by Advanced thermal–hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation (ATLAS) is performed using a Multi-dimensional Analysis of Reactor Safety-KINS Standard (MARS-KS) code. The LSC triggers earlier for larger break sizes during tests and calculations. LSCs occur during the simultaneous sudden decrease of steam condensation rate and the sudden increase of the break volumetric flow rate while the core volumetric flow rate increases slowly in calculation. The five phases of an SBLOCA transient are blowdown, pressure plateau, LSC, boil-off, and core-recovery phase, which can be identified by observing the volumetric flow rate and the time-dependent pressure variation. Loop seal refilling (LSR) occurs due to the trivial steam flow rate to the crossover leg inlet in calculation. The sensitivity analysis shows that the combination of countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) model option for hot leg and steam generator (SG) inlet (Kutateladze, c = 1.36, m = 1), crossover legs (Kutateladze, c = 1, m = 1), and SG U-tubes (Wallis, c = 1, m = 1) provide good prediction of the LSC phenomenon and thermal-hydraulics behaviors in an SBLOCA transient by MARS-KS code calculation.     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故后再注水的有效性评价

根据现有的设计资料,使用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.6建立了核电厂一、二回路系统,非能动堆芯冷却系统和安全壳系统的模型,并模拟冷段2英寸(5.08cm)小破口叠加重力注入失效的严重事故发生后,将冷却剂注入堆芯的情形,分析其对严重事故进程的缓解能力。本文选取3个严重事故的不同阶段,将冷却剂分别以小流量(10kg/s)、中流量(50kg/s)和大流量(200kg/s)的速率注入堆芯,通过比较氢气产生量、堆芯放射性产生量及堆芯温度等数据来评估在严重事故不同阶段再注水的可行性。结果表明:在堆芯损伤初期,可认为10kg/s以上的流量足以冷却百万千瓦级事故安全。而当严重事故发展到堆芯开始坍塌阶段,200kg/s的注水流量可认为是基本可行的,而小于此流量的注水应慎重考虑。     

Analysis of the OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment simulating a PWR small break LOCA with high-power natural circulation

OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment with the large scale test facility (LSTF) in JAEA was conducted simulating a PWR 1% cold leg small break LOCA with an assumption of high-power natural circulation due to failure of scram and total failure of high pressure injection system. The core power curve for the LSTF experiment was obtained by PWR LOCA analysis using JAEA-developed coupled three-dimensional kinetics and thermal-hydraulics code SKETCH-INS/TRAC-PF1 with detailed core model. A post-test analysis was performed against the obtained data by using JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code to validate the code predictability. The JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code was used by incorporating a break model that employs maximum bounding flow theory with a discharge coefficient of 0.61 for two-phase break flow. In the experiment, flow in hot legs became supercritical during two-phase natural circulation, causing the hot leg liquid level to be quite low. Liquid accumulation in steam generator U-tube upflow-side took place during reflux condensation mode due to high vapor velocity. The RELAP5 code predicted reasonably well the overall thermal-hydraulic phenomena observed in the experiment. The code, however, overpredicted the break flow rate especially during two-phase flow discharge period probably because of the failure in the correct simulation of the cold leg liquid level due to late decrease in the primary loop flow rate.     

压水堆大破口失水事故引发的严重事故研究

采用机理性严重事故最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2，以美国西屋公司Surry核电站为参考对象，建立了1个典型的3环路压水堆核电站的严重事故分析模型，分别对主回路冷段和热段发生25cm大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）导致的堆芯熔化事故进行研究分析。结果表明，压水堆发生大破口失水事故时，堆芯熔化进程较快，大量堆芯材料熔化并坍塌至下腔室，反应堆压力容器下封头失效较早，且主回路冷段破口比热段破口更为严重。     

冷段大破口失水事故长期冷却及硼浓度特性研究

文章采用先进的热工水力分析程序CATHAR,对百万千瓦级ACP1000核电厂冷段大破口失水事故冷热段同时安注时CCFL作用下的上腔室及堆芯的流动换热特性、硼浓度特性进行了研究,并分析了破损环路热段安注流量大小对堆芯冷却的影响。研究表明：在热段安注总流量为614 m3/h时,破损环路对应热段安注流量的不同,不会对流入堆芯冷却有较大影响,破损环路热段安注流量差异不会对堆芯冷却有较大影响;切换至同时安注后堆芯硼浓度很快与系统达到平衡。     

华龙一号安注箱注入特性优化研究

安注箱主要用于在核电站发生大中破口事故时快速向一回路注入含硼水,安注箱的有效注入流量和持续注入时间对于缓解事故后果有重要影响。本文基于华龙一号安注箱在一回路破口事故工况下的注入特性,通过FLOWMASTER建立计算模型,对安注箱下游直接注入管线阻力特性、安注箱容积和安注箱初始蓄压进行敏感性分析,在满足安全分析要求的基础上,为进一步优化安注箱的设计提供依据。计算分析表明,合理选取直接注入管线的管径和管线布置参数、优化安注箱初始蓄压能进一步提升安注箱的安全性能,进一步减小安注箱容积,节省反应堆厂房空间。     

Analysis of System Thermal Hydraulic Responses for Passive Safety Injection Experiment at ROSA-IV/Large Scale Test Facility

An experiment was conducted at the ROSA-IV/Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF) on the performance of a gravity-driven emergency core coolant (ECC) injection system attached to a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Such a gravity-driven injection system, though not used in the current-generation PWRs, is proposed for future reactor designs. The experiment was performed to identify key phenomena peculiar to the operation of a gravity injection system and to provide data base for code assessment against such phenomena. The simulated injection system consisted of a tank which was initially filled with cold water of the same pressure as the primary system. The tank was connected at its top and bottom, respectively, to the cold leg and the vessel downcomer. The injection into the downcomer was driven primarily by the static head difference between the cold water in the tank and the hot water in the pressure balance line (PBL) connecting the cold leg to the tank top. The injection flow was oscillatory after the flow through the PBL became two-phase flow. The experiment was post-test analyzed using a JAERI modified version of the RELAP5/MOD2 code. The code calculation simulated reasonably well the system responses observed in the experiment, and suggested that the oscillations in the injection flow was caused by oscillatory liquid holdup in the PBL connecting the cold leg to tank top.     

安注方式对设计基准失水事故下元件包壳破损份额影响的分析

以某船用压水堆为研究对象,采用RELAP5/MOD32程序,分析了发生在主管道冷端的极限中破口失水事故中,采取冷端、热端安注方式时不同的事故过程。引入临界管概念,确定了包壳破损临界功率因子。对全堆进行精细功率重构,确定每根燃料元件功率因子,最终确定不同安注方式下的元件包壳破损份额,并指出：对破口出现在主管道冷段的设计基准事故,热端安注能减轻事故后果,减少破损份额。     

Counterpart Tests of SBLOCA on the Effect of Break Location with the ATLAS: DVI Nozzle versus Cold-Leg Breaks

Results from two integral effect tests were compared to discuss the effect of break location between the direct vessel injection (DVI) nozzle and cold leg during the small-break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) scenario. One is the SB-DVI-09 test for a 6-inch (50% break area of a DVI nozzle) DVI line break and the other is the SB-CL-06 test for an equivalent break size of cold leg. Both counterpart tests were performed with the same control logic and initial/boundary conditions except for different break locations of the DVI line and cold leg. Experimental results showed that the maximum heater surface temperature increased more with the broken DVI nozzle (SB-DVI-09) than with the broken cold leg (SB-CL-06) due to the delayed and simultaneous occurrence of the loop seal clearing and the momentary decrease in the collapsed water level in the core region.