二自由度行波型超声波电机定子的数学模型与实验研究

二自由度行波型超声波电机是一种新型多自由度超声波电机。本文从二自由度行波型超声波电机的驱动机理和基本结构出发,就电机的结构实现、驱动球转子的最佳定子结构进行了分析,利用所建立的有限元模型进行定子振动的模态分析和共振频率计算,提出了外缘大倾角内缘线接触的行波定子。然后建立定子的接触模型,对其机械性能进行分析。测试结果表明,修正的数学模型更加符合电机的实际运行特性。所研制样机的球转子直径为45mm,定子直径为30mm,实现的堵转力矩为120mNm,空转转速12r/min。本文工作为多自由度行波型超声波电机的优化设计、性能提高奠定了基础。     

二自由度行波型超声波电机的轨迹控制

对二自由度球形超声波电机来说,轨迹控制是输出性能的重要环节。对二自由度球形超声波电机进行了轨迹(路径)控制。首先以定子表面行波波峰点周向角速度的极小范数为优化目标,结合单个定子的调速和电机运行矢量原理作为电机运行模式的模型。为了实现球转子姿态的测量,采用了一种类似机械鼠标原理的球转子位置检测方法,再结合电机运行模式求出各个定子驱动电压的相位差,然后采用神经元PID算法来实现电机闭环轨迹控制。闭环控制下,电机转子运行时各个方向的误差控制在2个脉冲以内。     

非接触式直线型超声电机的振动分析

非接触式超声电机装置具有结构简单、响应快的特点,因而可应用于航空航天和医疗仪器等领域。阐述了非接触式超声波传送装置的工作机理,对非接触直线型超声波电机的振动部分进行了分析,建立了从PZT元件受压激振到水平导轨传播纯弯曲行波的连续振动系统模型,获得了复杂边界条件下较为满意的理论结果。     

新型多自由度圆环形驻波超声电机

提出了一款新型多自由度圆环形驻波超声电机,该电机由一个球形转子和圆环形定子构成,利用二阶面内振动模态工作,可以实现三个方向的旋转运动。文中详细分析了该电机的运动机理,并根据有限元设计结果,研制了一台原理型样机。样机定子的外形尺寸为25.7mm×25.6mm×5mm,驱动频率为26.76kHz,绕三个方向的转速分别为：12r/min、10 r/min、12r/min。该款电机具有体积小、结构简单紧凑、无需考虑复合模态多自由度电机不同工作模态频率一致性的问题等特点,有望用于小型机器人、机器人眼球、机器手、机构姿态调节等驱动上。     

纵弯复合多自由度球形超声电机的研究

摘 要：目前国内外对多自由度超声电机的研究和应用尚属探索阶段,出现了多种结构的多自由度超声电机。本文提出了一种新型单振子纵弯夹心换能器式超声电机结构,由单一驱动足产生多自由度振动轨迹,驱动球形转子作多自由度运动;对十字交叉换能器做了模态分析,对纵振和弯振做了模态简并;建立了驱动足的运动轨迹方程,并仿真分析了典型驱动方式下驱动足的振动轨迹;试验测试了样机转子绕X、Y、Z轴转动的速度与电压之间的关系和转矩与速度之间的关系,计算了相应情况下电机的最大效率;电机旋转方向与分析结果一致。
     

径向-扭转振动复合型超声波电机的理论与实验研究

纵扭复合型超声波电机比其他超声波电机更具低速大力矩的特点,可以直接驱动负载,适合航空航天领域的应用.不过由于纵、扭振动在定子中的传播速度不一样,其纵、扭两相谐振频率的调谐一直是个难题.提出一种新型的中空结构的径向-扭转振动复合型超声波电机,采用一对纵振压电陶瓷和一对扭振压电陶瓷的组合方式,利用了径向一阶振动模态和扭振一阶振动模态,并通过电机定子的中空结构和尺寸的调整,使径向和扭转两相基频一致.首先从理论上分析了此方案的可行性,即提出了两相调谐的方法,并对以前的模型加以改进,然后根据理论分析制作了Φ60 mm的样机,经过试验,发现其性能满足设计要求,样机的最高转速为40 r/min,堵转力矩为3.2 N·m.研制的超声波电机较其他电机具有轴向尺寸小和重量轻等特点,可以减小质量40%.     

新型超声波电机的研制及对比实验研究

从不同的振动模态出发,分别设计制作行波型旋转超声波电机和多振动片式驻波型超声波电机的样机,并分别对样机的性能进行测试,分析了不同类型电机的谐振频率、输入电压和预压力对其性能的影响．对这两种电机的效率、转矩进行了比较,得出了它们的优缺点。     

机器人关节用三自由度球形直流伺服电机

介绍了作者研制的三自由度球形直流电机，阐述了它的结构特点、性能指标、输出力矩以及制造工艺特点等。试制结果达到了设计的要求，成为我国第一台研制成功的多自由度球形电机。     

基于DSP的多轴伺服控制器设计及其在灵巧手中的应用

讨论了一种采用电机控制专用DSP及FPGA设计的9轴电机伺服运动控制器。与采用通用DSP设计的多轴电机伺服运动控制器相比，该控制器具有较高的集成度和优良的性能价格比，便于降低机电系统的成本，减小机电系统体积，试验表明，该控制器性能稳定可靠，可满足多轴电机伺服运动控制的需要，已成功应用于16自由度多指灵巧手控制系统设计，该运动控制器在各类型机器人系统，以及数控机床等的控制系统设计上有广泛的应用前景。     

大力矩径向驻波型超声波电机有限元分析与实验研究

提出了一种大力矩径向驻波型超声波电机,在实现电机大力矩输出的同时保持结构紧凑的特点。首先设计并分析了电机的结构和工作原理,采用有限元法分析了电机定子的振动特性。接着制作了超声波电机样机,样机直径为32 mm。采用激光测振仪测量了定子的共振频率及径向振动的振幅,测量结果与理论分析结果相吻合。最后,搭建了电机输出特性测试平台,测量了电机在不同电压下的转矩-转速特性。实验测试结果显示,定子工作模态的共振频率为73.3 kHz,当施加的电压幅值为100 V、频率为74 kHz时,电机的空载转速为45 r/min,堵转力矩达到0.41 N·m。与其他同尺寸的超声波电机相比,所提出的径向驻波型超声波电机具有更大的堵转力矩。     

A novel multi-degree-of-freedom thick-film ultrasonic motor

This paper describes a new multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) ultrasonic motor that comprises few parts and is based on low-cost thick-film technology. Conventional ultrasonic motors using bulk lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or thin-film PZT layers are relatively expensive at the present time. Thick-film printed PZT technology provides the opportunity to reduce the costs of ultrasonic motors. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, an ultrasonic motor was fabricated from alumina using thick-film printed PZT actuators. The thick-film PZT and electrode layers were printed on a thin alumina plate, and a tiny cylinder was mounted at its center. This cylinder magnifies the lateral displacement of the stator, holds the spherical rotor, and transmits the driving force to the sphere. Three bending vibrations, B₂₂, B₃₀, B₀₃, of the plate were applied to rotate the sphere. Sufficient displacements for rotating the sphere were obtained near the resonance of B₂₂ by applying an excitation voltage of 200 V peak-to-peak via a three-phase drive circuit. Rotations in three orthogonal directions have been observed by controlling the phase of the driving signal to the PZT electrodes, and a MDOF ultrasonic motor was successfully realized     

Some constructions and characteristics of rod-type piezoelectric ultrasonic motors using longitudinal and torsional vibrations

Ultrasonic motors using longitudinal and torsional motions of rod vibrators have previously been proposed. Several motor constructions, whose forms are different from the previous ones, are proposed and their characteristics are experimentally examined in order to develop the ultrasonic motors of this type; that is, they are expected to have much different uses, according to how their forms are modified. Two groups of motor are dealt with: one contains motors basically suited to the relatively high torque of 2-3 kgf-cm and the other contains motors for small or medium torque below about 1.0 kgf-cm. As the result, operational characteristics of motors are totally revealed. These are useful in developing the rod type ultrasonic motors and in their practical applications.     

Wear and dynamic properties of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor with frictional materials coated stator

Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors have been studied, developed and utilized by researchers and companies all over the world. Ultrasonic motors (USM) produce rotational motion based on traveling waves made by the resonant vibrations of piezoceramic. These motors have been recently developed and utilized in practical applications. The dynamic properties and life of piezoelectric ultrasonic motors are strongly related to the frictional material Fused on the sliding surface. In this study, effects of frictional material properties on the performances of piezoelectric ultrasonic motors are investigated. It was possible to improve the torque of a traveling wave type ultrasonic motor by stator's coating.     

Coupled tangential-axial resonant modes of piezoelectric hollow cylinders and their application in ultrasonic motors

This paper describes a tangential-axial eigen-mode of a piezoelectric hollow cylinder. A new type of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using this oscillation mode has been developed. The motor is a traveling-wave-type motor. The stator of such a motor consists of a solid piezoelectric hollow cylinder, which, excited in the tangential-axial resonant mode by a three-phase electrical signal, will exhibit elliptical displacement and transfer rotation to the rotor. The behavior of the stator has been simulated with finite element method (FEM) software. The simulation results have been checked with single-point contact measurements on the surface of the ultrasonic motors. The paper closes with the introduction of new ultrasonic motors based on this oscillation mode.     

Same phase drive-type ultrasonic motors using two degenerate bending vibration modes of a disk

Same-phase drive-type ultrasonic motors, using two degenerate bending vibration modes of a disk, are presented. The distinctive feature of the motor is in using the standing wave modes. The motor is not driven by two input signals with different phases, but by input signals with the same phase. Therefore, only one amplifier is sufficient to drive the motor. The experimental results have proved that the motor can yield stable operational characteristics at low speed and high torque.     

Y形旋转超声波马达的设计与动态特性分析

为了探索和丰富旋转超声波马达的结构,使其满足响应精准且速度快以及控制简便的要求,设计了Y形旋转超声波马达,并对其结构及动态特性进行了分析。Y形旋转超声波马达将3组压电陶瓷片的横向振动复合成驱动足端面对转子的微幅驱动,通过摩擦耦合在惯性作用下推动转子顺时针或逆时针旋转。运用Workbench软件中的Design Exporation组件对Y形旋转超声波马达定子组件的结构尺寸进行了优化设计,提升了定子组件的性能。构建优化后Y形旋转超声波马达定子组件的有限元仿真模型,并通过模态分析获得了定子组件工作所需的固有振型,通过谐响应分析获得了定子组件的幅频特性曲线,通过瞬态分析获得了1个激励周期内定子组件的振动模态,验证了Y形旋转超声波马达的驱动机理。结果表明,Y形旋转超声波马达压电陶瓷片表面施加电压的最佳频率为20 739 Hz,对应的驱动足端面的振幅为6.95 μm。Y形旋转超声波马达结构简单且具有对称性,能效利用率高,对拓宽超声波马达的应用领域有重要参考价值。     

A cylindrical traveling wave ultrasonic motor using a circumferential composite transducer

This paper intends to present and verify a new idea for constructing traveling wave ultrasonic motors that may effectively avoid the drawbacks of conventional traveling wave motors using bonded PZT plates as the exciting elements. In the configuration of the motor's stator, a composite sandwich type transducer is used to excite a traveling wave in a cylinder with two cantilevers as the coupling bridges between the transducer and the cylinder. The design process of the stator is described using the FEM modal analysis method, and the establishment of traveling wave on the cylindrical stator was simulated by FEM transient analysis. To verify the theoretical analysis results, a laser Doppler scanner was employed to test the mode shapes of a prototype stator excited by the longitudinal and bending vibrations respectively. Finally, to validate the design idea, a prototype motor was fabricated and tested; the typical output features are no-load speed of 156 rpm and maximum torque of 0.75 N·m under exciting voltages of 70 V(rms) applied to excite the longitudinal vibration of the transducer and 200 V(rms) applied to excite the bending vibration.     

Force transfer model and characteristics of hybrid transducer type ultrasonic motors

The characteristics of longitudinal-torsional hybrid transducer-type ultrasonic motors (HTUSM) are low speed and high torque. The discontinuous-surface-contact mode between the stator and the rotor is different from the many-point-contact mode of traveling wave motors, which is also an essential cause for high torque. Therefore, it is important to analyze its force transfer model between the rotor and the stator. In this paper, issues of using the method of equivalent circuit model are addressed. The relationships between the contact angle, preload, and physical parameters of frictional materials are given, according to the impulse conservation law axially. The equations describing output torque, amplitudes of longitudinal and torsional vibration, and parameters of the rotor are derived according to the principle that the work done by the load is equal to that by the driving force in one vibrating cycle. All factors that influence the mechanical characteristics are analyzed, and accuracy and suitability of the force transfer model are verified by comparison with the prototype motor. The formula for transfer efficiency on the stator/rotor interface is given, and the low-efficiency of this type motor is explained. The wide-working frequency range property of this type motor is shown with experimental results. Based on this study, the parameters of the rotor and preload are determined. The maximum torque of the prototype motor is up to 13.2 nm, and no-load speed of this type of motor is 12.5 rpm.     

基于超声波电机的移动焊接机器人焊枪精密定位控制系统研制

为了实现移动焊接机器人焊枪的精密定位控制,提出了焊枪跟踪控制时基于调整电机微步导通时间实现无位置传感器开环精密定位控制的控制系统设计方法.在控制系统设计中充分利用EDA和单片机技术各自的优点,采用CPLD和单片机相结合,实现了双行波超声波电机微步控制.实验证明该控制器可控精度高、可靠稳定、可维护性强,不需要高精度位移传感器就可控制焊枪达到很高的定位精度.研究所得的方法和结论具有较强的通用性,在基于环形行波超声波电机驱动的XY平面精密定位控制中具有普遍的应用意义.     

Analysis of nonaxisymmetric vibration mode piezoelectric annular plate and its application to an ultrasonic motor

The development of an ultrasonic motor using nonaxisymmetric vibration modes of a piezoelectric annular plate is described. A piezoelectric annular plate is analyzed to find its mode patterns, elliptic motions of displacement for the motor, and the distributions of the induced charge on the plate surface, and to calculate electromechanical coupling factors. On the basis of the analyzed results, motors using the annular plate have been built and their characteristics measured. The construction and characteristics of these motors are discussed.