黑龙江省地下水开发、保护与管理措施建议

强调要进一步完善有关地下水开发与保护的法律法规和规章,加强地下水保护与管理的法制观念;提高对地下水开发与保护的重视程度,加强地下水、地表水的全面规划和统一调度,合理配置水资源;加强地下水的基础性工作和监测工作,为做好地下水开发、保护与管理提供技术支撑;强化对地下水开发、保护与管理的审批、监督机制.     

科学利用地下水资源支撑社会经济可持续发展

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,对地下水资源开发和利用必须依据地下水的固有特性,合理开发,综合利用,实施以地下水资源的合理开发利用支撑我国社会经济的可持续发展战略.     

格尔木区地下水资源承载力评价与对策研究

为合理开发地下水资源,本文采用PSR框架设计指标体系,对格尔木区地下水资源承载力进行评价,并提出地下水资源开发对策。评价结果表明,格尔木区地下水开发利用程度较低,地下水资源承载力较高;按照相关发展规划,未来水平年格尔木区地下水资源仍有较大开发潜力。格尔木区的水资源开发应地表水、地下水并重,充分利用优质地下水,减少格尔木河引水,以保护细土平原天绿洲生态环境,保障盐湖的生态平衡和盐湖工业的可持续发展。     

西安市地下水开发利用及保护对策研究

本文分析了西安市地下水资源开发利用状况及长期过量开采地下水所引发的环境地质问题,提出了合理开发和保护地下水资源的对策,为西安市地下水资源可持续利用提供重要科学依据。     

挠力河流域地下水系统动态特征研究

地下水动力场整个演变过程与地下水资源的开发过程、开采强度以及气象和地质因素密切相关.正确认识和运用地下水动力场特点,对于正确评价、合理开发和保护三江平原地下水资源有重要的意义.     

黑龙江省海林市地下水资源开发利用规划

海林市地下水资源比较贫乏,水质较差。文中通过对规划分区、区域水土地质、水资源开发利用现状、地表、地下水资源量及水质特征、地下水资源开发利用规划等介绍了海林市地下水资源开发利用规划现状。     

大凌河沿岸井灌区地下水位动态分析

大凌河是辽宁省朝阳地区最大的河流,随着地下水的大量开发,局部地区的水位出现了明显程度的下降。为了合理的开发地下水资源,认识地下水变化规律,通过对浅层地下水的来源、地下水位的年内和年际变化,以及干旱年份的地下水位动态进行了分析,并对开发利用地下水资源提出建议。     

地下水资源对新疆经济社会支撑作用的定量评价

为探究地下水资源在新疆各地、市、州经济社会发展过程中发挥支撑作用的情况,构建了涵盖地下水依存度、综合用水效率和地下水开发潜力3方面的指标体系,运用SMI-P方法对2004—2016年新疆各地、市、州地下水资源对经济社会的支撑作用进行了定量评价与分析。结果表明:随着经济的发展、人口和耕地的增加,新疆一些地区地下水资源对经济社会的支撑作用明显增强,如伊犁州、巴州、塔城地区等;地下水资源对新疆各地、市、州经济社会发展的支撑作用空间差异较大,地下水资源对东疆和北疆地区经济社会的支撑作用强于南疆地区;东疆和北疆大部分地区经济相对发达,对地下水的依存程度和综合用水效率都处于较高水平,地下水开发潜力较小,开发空间不足,而南疆地区地下水开发潜力较大,地下水可为其未来经济社会的发展提供进一步支撑。     

合理开发利用地下水缓解水资源紧缺状况

地下水资源占全国水资源总量的1/3,对我国国民经济建设和社会发展具有不可替代的重要支撑作用.目前地下水开发存在的主要问题是:地下水开采布局不合理,地下水污染加剧,地下水环境恶化.解决这些问题的对策是:调整用水结构,实现地下水资源的优质优用;加强部门合作,严格科学审批地下水取水许可证;充分开发浅层水,促进地下水生态和环境向良性方向发展;加强地下水调查与监测.     

中国东部若干城市地下水资源的合理开发与保护

本文按照不同的水文地质类型研究了城市的地下水资源合理开发和地下水环境保护问题，分别论述了北方丘陵地区的裂隙－喀斯特水，滨海平原的深层地下水，长江三角洲区的承压地下水，河谷地区的傍河潜水和冲积扇地区的越流地下水的水资源特点，地下水资源合理开发的意见和地下水环境保护等问题。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.     

我国灌区建设及管理技术发展成就与展望

新中国成立70年来,我国灌区建设与管理取得了举世瞩目的成就,农田灌溉面积由1949年的1593万hm2发展到2016年的6714万hm2,位列世界第一,保障了我国粮食安全供给和社会经济发展。我国灌区建设与管理已经历了三个大的发展阶段,依靠科技进步解决了发展过程中出现的各种问题,使我国灌区建设与管理水平逐步得以提升。今后的30年将是我国实现灌区现代化的时期。本文较系统介绍了我国灌区发展概况、灌区建设与管理技术进展和成就、灌区面临的主要问题和挑战、以及灌区现代化发展展望。