Physico‐chemical and sensory attributes in conjunction with multivariate analysis of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars after 90 days of storage: an exploratory authentication study

Two cultivars of potato (Spunta and Agria), were studied in terms of their physico‐chemical and sensory characteristics. These cultivars were cultivated in three geographical regions of Greece (Macedonia, North Greece; Thessaly, Central Greece; Peloponnese, South Greece) and were stored for 90 days after harvesting. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the tubers determined, were pH, total acidity, firmness, dry matter and content in Ν, in Κ, P, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe. The sensory characteristics measured for raw tubers of potato after storage, were skin colour, skin brightness, internal colour, surface roughness, odour intensity, moistness, surface wrinkling and stains while the sensory characteristics measured for the boiled tubers of potato were odour intensity, moistness, special taste, sweet taste, aftertaste persistence, metal taste, pastiness, mastication, flavour intensity, elasticity and overall acceptability. The application of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis), revealed a variety of relations between the various parameters and resulted in satisfactory grouping either per geographical region or per cultivar.     

加州鲈腌制品仪器分析与感官评价相关性研究

目的研究鱼肉质构特性及其仪器测定和感官结果的相关性。方法选用不同腌制时间的加州鲈样品进行仪器质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)和感官评价。结果主成分分析实验中,鲈鱼腌制品TPA指标和感官评价指标分别得出2个主成分,累计方差贡献率分别达87.39%和82.17%;腌制时间为2 h时,TPA指标值和感官评价较优。相关性分析结果表明,感官粘聚性与TPA咀嚼性、TPA胶黏性具有显著负相关性(P0.05,r=-0.713;P0.01,r=-0.834),感官胶黏性与TPA硬度显著正相关(P0.05,r=0.805)。结论选取感官指标为因变量,TPA指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,得到具有统计学意义的感官粘聚性和胶黏性的预测方程,为鲈鱼腌制品在品质评价上的预测提供了依据。     

Implementation of quality control methods (physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory) in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards fish authenticity

Nowadays authenticity of foods and fish in particular has become of crucial importance because of high number of adulteration cases. Authenticity control has gained ground thanks to the development of several rapid physico‐chemical and microbiological methods aiming at distinguishing one species from another based on solid scientific evidence. It has been proven that despite the precision and accuracy of robust analytical and protein and DNA‐based techniques, detection of authenticity could not be claimed without resorting to multivariate analysis. This review summarizes both the most advanced and state of the art used techniques for detecting fish and seafood authenticity (both in terms of species and geographical origin). Another issue reported in this review is the preservation of fish and seafood through the implementation of old and novel techniques (ice, modified atmosphere packaging). Several informative tables were included in this paper referring to the employed quality control and sensory analysis methods and multivariate analysis for fish and seafood.     

Implementation of physicochemical and sensory analysis in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards assessing olive oil authentication/adulteration

The authenticity of products labeled as olive oils, and in particular as virgin olive oils, stands for a very important issue both in terms of its health and commercial aspects. In view of the continuously increasing interest in virgin olive oil therapeutic properties, the traditional methods of characterization and physical and sensory analysis were further enriched with more advanced and sophisticated methods such as HPLC-MS, HPLC-GC/C/IRMS, RPLC-GC, DEPT, and CSIA among others. The results of both traditional and "novel" methods were treated both by means of classical multivariate analysis (cluster, principal component, correspondence, canonical, and discriminant) and artificial intelligence methods showing that nowadays the adulteration of virgin olive oil with seed oil is detectable at very low percentages, sometimes even at less than 1%. Furthermore, the detection of geographical origin of olive oil is equally feasible and much more accurate in countries like Italy and Spain where databases of physical/chemical properties exist. However, this geographical origin classification can also be accomplished in the absence of such databases provided that an adequate number of oil samples are used and the parameters studied have "discriminating power."     

Potato: a comparative study of the effect of cultivars and cultivation conditions and genetic modification on the physico-chemical properties of potato tubers in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards authenticity

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a highly nutritious, mild flavored, easy to blend food that has many possibilities for "building in" desired nutrients. Varietal and environmental differences are known to exist in the shape, size, and nutritional content of potatoes. Different populations opt for varying sensory properties in relation to their diets. Potatoes are a low energy food in comparison to cereals and legumes. The aim of this review was to present an update of the currently conducted studies both on the characterization of several potato varieties (physical, chemical, and sensory analysis) and by means of genetic modification. Towards this target, five comprehensive tables were compiled where all recent data (physicochemical properties) and GM varieties were presented in conjunction with multivariate analysis (chemometrics). The latter was shown to be effectively used towards authenticity purposes (identification of geographical origin, variety, GM).     

Relating consumer preferences to sensory and physicochemical properties of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

BACKGROUND: Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) have a range of varieties, colours and sizes. Differences in physicochemical and sensory properties influence consumer choices for beans. This study related consumer preferences to sensory and physico‐chemical properties of selected bean varieties—Jenny, Kranskop, PAN 148, AC Calmont, PAN 150 and Mkuzi—grown in Mpumalanga (MP) and Free State (FS) in South Africa. RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.05) variety, location as well as location × variety interaction effects were found for both physico‐chemical and sensory properties of beans. Jenny‐FS, Mkuzi and PAN 148‐MP beans had relatively long cooking times (>60 min). Some beans (e.g. PAN 150 and Mkuzi beans) were described as bitter, soapy and metallic with a raw‐bean flavour whereas more preferred beans (e.g. Jenny‐MP, Kranskop‐MP) were sweet, soft and with a cooked‐bean flavour. CONCLUSION Apart from small seed size, sensory characteristics such as bitter taste, soapy and metallic mouthfeel and hard texture contributed to consumers' dislike of certain bean varieties. The sweet taste, cooked‐bean flavours, soft and mushy textures of the most accepted varieties seemed to be related to beans with good hydration capacities that facilitated softening during cooking. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prediction of chemical,physical and sensory data from process parameters for frozen cod using multivariate analysis

Physical, chemical and sensory quality parameters were determined for 115 cod (Gadus morhua) samples stored under varying frozen storage conditions. Five different process parameters (period of frozen storage, frozen storage temperature, place of catch, season for catching and state of rigor) were varied systematically at two levels. The data obtained were evaluated using the multivariate methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. The PCA models were used to identify which process parameters were actually most important for the quality of the frozen cod. PLS models that were able to predict the physical, chemical and sensory quality parameters from the process parameters of the frozen raw material were generated. The prediction abilities of the PLS models were good enough to give reasonable results even when the process parameters were characterised by ones and zeroes only. These results illustrate the application of multivariate analysis as an effective strategy for improving the quality of frozen fish products. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

烟丝挥发性香味物质与卷烟感官质量的相关性研究

选取中国市场价为每条200～300元的卷烟(30个样品)为研究对象,采用同时蒸馏萃取法测定其挥发性香味物质含量,并对其感官质量进行评价。运用简单相关分析、逐步回归分析和主成分分析对各项指标间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明:不同卷烟烟丝中的总香味含量,各类香味物质和感官评价结果符合正态分布;不同卷烟烟丝中致香成分和感官质量之间具有一定的相关性,其中,卷烟香气和杂气与烟丝所含的总香味物质以及大部分香味物质呈显著正相关。得到香气和谐调性指标的预测模型方程,经显著性测验均达到了极显著水平。总香味物质含量、新植二烯、酮类、醛类和酚类是主要的影响因子,其中,总香味物质含量是影响卷烟感官质量的主体因子。     

Physico-Chemical,antioxidant activities,textural, and sensory properties of yoghurt fortified with different states and rates of pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum L.)

This study examines the effects of incorporating fresh, frozen, osmodehydrated, and dried pomegranate seeds, at different concentrations (5, 10, and 20%) on the physicochemical, antioxidant, textural, and sensory properties of yoghurt. Antioxidant activity, pH, acidity, syneresis, and color of yoghurt were also evaluated during the storage (28 days) at 4°C. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the correlations between different yoghurt formulation and their sensory attributes. Data showed that the addition of pomegranate seeds reduced pH and modified the chromatics coordinate (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) and firmness of the yoghurt samples. In addition, acidity, °Brix, and syneresis increased compared to the control. Thanks to their high anthocyanin content, pomegranate seeds considerably improved the antioxidant activity essentially for yoghurt enriched with frozen seeds. In addition, the supplementation of 20% of frozen seeds into yoghurt was the most appreciated by panelists and improved the sensory properties in comparison to other formulation. According to PCA, taste and appearance were the main criteria for the overall acceptability of yoghurt. After 28 days of storage, the reddish color was reinforced; however, the antioxidant activity of yoghurts was reduced. Overall, it can be concluded that pomegranate seeds can be used as a natural ingredient to develop a novel yoghurt with high nutritional properties.     

Relationships between volatile production,fruit quality and sensory evaluation of Fuji apples stored in different atmospheres by means of multivariate analysis

Aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory characteristics of Fuji apples were analysed after 3, 5 and 7 months of storage at 1 °C in normal air (AIR; 210 l m^?3 O₂/0.3 l m^?3 CO₂) and in controlled atmospheres with O₂/CO₂ ratios of 10 l m^?3/10 l m^?3 (ULO1), 10 l m^?3/20 l m^?3 (ULO2) and 30 l m^?3/20 l m^?3 (SCA). After storage the apples were kept at 20 °C for 1, 5 and 10 days. The components that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of Fuji apples were ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2‐methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate. The highest aroma compound production was found in ULO1 fruits after 5 months of cold storage and 1 day of shelf‐life. After 3 and 5 months of storage, ULO1 fruits showed the highest firmness after both 1 day and 10 days at 20 °C. After 7 months of storage plus 1 day at 20 °C, ULO2 fruits showed higher titratable acidity and soluble solid content; fruit firmness was also maintained throughout the shelf‐life period. Generally, background and superficial colour were not influenced by storage conditions. A statistically significant correlation was found between aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于多元色谱和主成分分析解析酱香型白酒大回酒风味品质研究

该研究采用气相色谱、离子色谱等分析方法解析酱香型白酒轮次基酒风味物质，结合主成分分析（PCA），剖析酱香型白酒大回酒风味构成特征，同时初步分析贮存时间对酱香型白酒风味品质的影响。结果显示，大回酒品质较好是由于其酯类、酸类物质占比高，分别为38%～50%、29%～36%，而醇类物质含量占比较少为10%～19%，其中乳酸乙酯、乳酸和3-羟基-2-丁酮等成分含量相对较高，高级醇类物质含量相对较低，多元醇含量适中。通过分析贮存时间对大回酒风味的影响发现，随着贮存时间的延长，风味物质总量有所降低，且出现“酯减”的变化趋势，其中醛类物质变化较为明显，乙醛和乙缩醛呈现增加趋势，而糠醛呈现降低趋势。此外，主成分分析显示乳酸和乳酸乙酯对酱香型白酒大回酒基酒品质具有较强的正相关性。     

重庆地产高粱理化性质分析及抗消化品种筛选

为了解重庆地产高粱品质并对当地高粱产业发展提供理论和应用指导,实验收集了12个重庆主栽高粱品种,以市购我国东北、西北两个地区的主产高粱各两个品种作对比,对其理化成分进行了测定和主成分分析。同时,测定高粱淀粉消化性,筛选出抗消化高粱品种。结果表明,16种高粱理化性质差异显著（P<0.05）,千粒重在9.86~30.14 g之间,淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量范围分别为39.41%~84.86%、7.21%~12.44%、1.80%~4.92%,单宁和植酸含量范围是0.19%~2.12%和8.42%~15.61%,含有丰富的氨基酸和矿物质。通过对高粱进行体外消化研究,表明云阳茅台红2号、市购东北高粱2号、垫江红缨子等品种淀粉消化率（C∞）较低,抗性淀粉（RS）含量较高,可用以制作低GI食品、低热值食品,满足特殊消费人群的食谱需求。本研究可为重庆高粱品质评价和应用提供一定参考。     

Principal component and multivariate analysis of milk long-chain fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between individual milk fatty acids (FA) and diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis (MA). Cow treatment observations (n = 63) from 3 published feeding experiments with lactating dairy cows were used in the analyses. In the PCA, principal component loading plots 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) described 55.9% of the total variation in milk FA and fat concentrations. Saturated FA (14:0, 16:0, and 17:0) and milk fat percentage showed negative loading for PC1. Trans-18:1 isomers (trans-6+7+8 to trans-15), trans-7, cis-9 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and trans-10, cis-12 CLA showed positive (opposite) loading, suggesting a negative relationship between these isomers and milk fat percentage. Cis-11, trans-13 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA were associated with the PC2 axes (neutral), indicating that they were not associated with MFD. Multivariate analysis with milk fat percentage as the dependent variable and individual PC1 positive loading variables showed a breakpoint relationship for trans-6+7+8-, trans-9-, trans-10-, and trans-13+14-18:1 and a linear relationship for trans-11-, trans-12-, trans-15-18:1, trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and trans-7, cis-9 CLA. Subsequent MA was conducted on 41 treatment means from 12 independent experiments from the literature, in which concentrations of trans-6+7+8-, trans-9-, trans-10-, and trans-11-18:1, and cis-9 trans;-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA were reported. Significant negative effects of trans-9-18:1, trans-10-18:1, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA on milk fat percentage were observed. In this study, the PCA and MA showed that among trans-18:1 isomers, trans-10-18:1 was the most negatively correlated to milk fat percentage. However, the threshold concentration related to maximum MFD indicated that the relative potency was greatest for trans-6+7+8- and lowest for trans-10-18:1. These results suggested that trans-6+7+8-18:1 might be more important than trans-10-18:1 in MFD. Principal component analysis also showed that trans-10, cis-12 and trans-7, cis-9 CLA were the isomers most negatively correlated to milk fat percentage, implying a possible role of trans-7, cis-9 CLA in MFD. Additional experiments are needed to establish whether trans-7-18:1 is involved in MFD or that its effects are mediated via the endogenously synthesized trans-7, cis-9 CLA.     

Characterisation of Slovenian honeys on the basis of sensory and physicochemical analysis with a chemometric approach

The purpose of this study was sensory and physicochemical characterisation of Slovenian honeys with a chemometric approach. Honey samples were obtained from the beekeepers in different natural geographical macroregions of Slovenia. The sensory characteristics of the seven main types of Slovenian honeys are described, together with the physicochemical analyses. The average results of electrical conductivity (0.19–1.61 mS cm^?1), pH (4.01–5.51), free acidity (13.3–30.9 meq kg^?1), proline content (317–558 mg kg^?1), protein content (1.70–3.53 g kg^?1), optical rotation (–19.6 to 12.6), phenolic content (44.9–232.5 mg GAE kg^?1) and antioxidant activity [69.6–456.4 μm Fe(II)] show wide variability among analysed honey types. Statistically significant differences were obtained among different honey types, generally lower values of the analysed parameters were determined in the light honeys, as the acacia, linden and multifloral honeys, while the higher values are characteristic for darker honeys, as the chestnut, fir, spruce and forest honeys. Linear discriminant analysis was performed to classify the honey samples according to their botanical origin and proved that physicochemical parameters analysed can provide enough information for the classification and distinction of acacia, linden, multifloral and chestnut honeys, and the group of honeydew honeys (fir, spruce and forest honeys).     

基于主成分分析、神经网络对啤酒感官评价的预测

该研究运用主成分分析(PCA)结合误差反向传播(BP)神经网络对啤酒感官评价进行了预测。把啤酒中11种理化及风味指标进行主成分分析,以除去数据之间的线性相关性,提取后的理化及风味指标做为输入数据,感官评价得分作为输出数据,运用BP神经网络建立啤酒感官评价预测的模型。使用此模型对50种啤酒的感官得分进行预测,预测最大相对误差为2.68%。结果表明,主成分分析和神经网络相结合的这种方法能够准确预测啤酒感官评价得分。     

Maturity and ripening effects on chemical and sensory properties of apple juice

The effects of harvest maturity and ripening on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ apple juice were evaluated. Juice was extracted from fruit harvested at seven weekly intervals beginning 3–4 weeks before commercial harvest and from fruit held in air storage (1°C) for 1 to 3 months. Internal ethylene concentration and starch index were used as maturity indices. Principal component analysis of juice data (pH. titratable acidity, organic acids, soluble solids, sugars, phenols, turbidity, and Hunterlab colour) showed a distinctive maturity effect on the characteristics of juice extracted from fruit immediately after harvest or after storage. Triangle testing showed aroma and flavour differences in both ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ to be first discernable when ethylene was first detected (internal ethylene concentration ≥ 0.1 μl litre^?1) and starch hydrolysis evident (starch index 3.0–5.0 for ‘McIntosh’, 1.5–3.0 for ‘Spartan’), or after 2–3 months of air storage. Sensory profiling of fruity aroma, total aroma, fruit flavour by mouth, sweetness, and sourness in the juices showed increased fruitiness and sweetness and decreased sourness with advancing maturity.     

藤茶感官特征定量描述分析与风味轮构建

采用感官定量描述分析法研究藤茶的感官风味特征,并绘制藤茶风味轮.研究结果表明,经培训的评茶小组确定了藤茶的5个外形描述词、5个汤色描述词、7个香气描述词、10个滋味描述词及其定义,之后通过方差分析(P<0.05)结合主成分分析(贡献率>80％),确定所列的27个藤茶感官描述词均可较好评价藤茶样品的感官品质,结合聚类分析...     

Physicochemical properties and sensory analysis of duck meatballs containing duck meat surimi-like material during frozen storage

The physicochemical properties and sensory analysis of duck meatballs containing duck meat surimi-like material during frozen storage were evaluated. Properties of meatballs containing duck surimi-like material prepared by acid solubilization (ACDS), alkaline solubilization (ALDS), and conventional processing (CDS) as well as duck mince (as the control, CON) were compared. ACDS had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture and protein content and lower fat content compared with CON. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value of all samples increased as the storage time increased up to week 8 (P < 0.05), but thereafter it decreased in most of the samples. ACDS and ALDS had significantly higher TBARS values (P < 0.05), and these values remained higher than those of the other samples throughout the frozen storage period. Addition of surimi-like material to the meatballs had significant effects (P < 0.05) on springiness, gumminess, and chewiness values of all samples. Ingredients and frozen storage affected most sensory attributes in samples significantly (P<0.05). No significant increase in growth of organisms occurred during 12-wk frozen storage The results indicate that acid-alkaline solubilization methods improve both physicochemical and sensory properties of duck meatballs containing duck surimi-like material. Thus, these techniques should be applicable to product development of duck surimi-like material. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Surimi-like material from duck meat is an alternative source of meat protein to produce ready-to eat or value-added products. Little is known about duck surimi-like material and physicochemical and sensory properties of such products. Therefore, the results of this study are critical for assessing the possibility of duck meat surimi-like material for human food.