玉米粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的测定能力验证结果分析

目的 组织玉米粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)能力验证项目,考察参加实验室脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测能力。方法 设计制备玉米粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇考核样品,对样品的均匀性和稳定性进行检验。采用稳健统计法A对32家实验室提交的32个有效结果进行统计,通过Z比分数评价实验室检测能力,并对统计方式的合理性进行分析比较。结果 制备样品的均匀性稳定性符合能力验证样品要求,32家实验室中31家结果满意,总体满意率为96.9%。选择的统计方法合理,统计结果正常。结论 绝大多数参加实验室玉米粉中DON检测能力良好,个别实验室需加强内部质量控制。     

饮料中甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷的检测能力验证

目的评价我国检测实验室对饮料中甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷农药残留的检测水平。方法计划中使用的能力验证测试样品参考二级标准物质制备方法制备,采用单因子方差分析法和ISO13528:2005《利用实验室间比对进行能力验证的统计方法》中附录B稳定性检验程序分别对其进行均匀性和稳定性检验。将各参加实验室提交的结果进行迭代稳健统计分析,采用Z比分数评定各参加实验室的测试结果。结果全国33家实验室参加能力验证,其中32家获得满意结果,满意率为97%,1家实验室结果为不满意,不满意率为3%。结论这表明国内实验室对饮料中常见农残的检测能力总体较好,少部分实验室的检测能力有待提高。     

乳粉中维生素B1和B2含量测定的能力验证分析

目的为加强我国检测机构对乳粉市场的监管,中国食品药品检定研究院(National Institute for Food and Drug Control,NIFDC)组织实施了乳粉中维生素B_1和B_2的含量测定的能力验证。方法制备了分割水平对的样品,采用单因素方差分析和t检验对样品均匀性和稳定性进行分析。对能力验证结果进行稳健统计分析,通过Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果样品通过均匀性和稳定性检验要求,满足能力验证计划要求。维生素B_1项目中,参加20个实验室验证,满意结果数为14,满意率为70.0%;维生素B_2项目中,参加22个实验室验证,满意结果数为15,满意率为77.2%;2项检测结果均满意的实验室有12个,满意率为60%。结论绝大多数实验室对乳粉中维生素B_1和B_2的测定处于良好水平,但未达到优良水平,仍需对检测方法进行统一认识,减少系统误差,加强各实验室内部的质量控制。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素A、D的测定能力验证结果与分析

设计组织婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素A、D测定的能力验证项目,分析各参加实验室的检测能力验证结果.采用单因素方差分析和t检验对样品均匀性和稳定性进行分析,对224家实验室提交的检测结果进行稳健统计分析,以相对相差评定各参加实验室测定结果.结果表明,样品均匀性和稳定性符合能力验证要求,维生素A的满意率为82.7％,维生素D的满...     

保健食品中山梨酸含量测定能力验证结果分析

目的分析测定保健食品中山梨酸的能力验证结果。方法用单因素方差分析和t检验对样品的均匀性和稳定性进行了检验。对参加能力验证项目并反馈结果的实验室所报结果进行稳健统计分析,用Z比分数评价各实验室检测能力。结果制备的样品均匀性符合要求并且在能力验证计划实施的周期内保持稳定,能够满足能力验证计划的要求。52家反馈结果的实验室中39家结果为满意结果,满意率为75%。结论多数参加本次能力验证项目的实验室数据结果评价为满意,表明总体上本次能力验证项目参加单位的检测水平良好。     

葡萄酒中铁、铜检验的能力验证结果评价

实验探讨了葡萄酒中铁、铜检测的能力验证结果,此次能力验证共有14家参与,其中铁测试结果满意率为85.8%,铜检测结果满意率为92.9%,实验讨论了样品的稳定性与均匀性,样品A、B检测项目铁与铜的F比值均小于F_(0.05(f1,f2)),且Ss≤0.3σ,样品A、B铁、铜的d_(max)均小于0.3σ,样品的均匀性和稳定性符合CNAS—GL03:2006《能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价指南》的要求,用z比分值评价参加实验室的结果,结果表明,国内大部分实验室均具备了葡萄酒中铁、铜检验的能力。     

化妆品中柠檬酸检测能力验证结果分析

目的考察相关实验室检测化妆品中柠檬酸的技术能力和水平,促进参加实验室对该类项目检验能力的提高。方法样品通过均匀性和稳定性评价后,采用随机单盲方式分配至参与能力验证(proficiency testing,PT)的实验室。统计各参加实验室的测定结果,进行稳健统计分析,通过Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果制备的200瓶样品均匀性符合要求且在整个计划周期内保持稳定,满足能力验证计划要求。从参加的31家的结果来看,共有27家满意,满意率为87.1%。结论化妆品中柠檬酸的检测水平总体良好,个别实验室检测能力有待提高。     

鸡肉糜样中金刚烷胺检测能力验证研究

目的设计鸡肉糜样中金刚烷胺残留检测能力验证研究(proficiency testing,PT)项目,评价实验室对鸡肉中金刚烷胺残留量的检测能力。方法采用单因素方差分析和t检验对样品均匀性和稳定性进行分析。对能力验证结果进行稳健统计分析,通过Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果在P为0.05显著水平,制备100包样品均匀性符合要求且在整个能力验证计划周期内保持稳定,满足能力验证计划要求;17个省、市的42家实验室参加了本次能力验证,其中35家结果为满意,满意率为83.3%。结论参加能力验证的绝大多数实验室可以准确检测金刚烷胺,表明鸡肉中金刚烷胺残留量检测水平总体良好。     

2018—2020年度乳粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)能力验证样品的研制及其应用

目的 制备乳粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验能力验证样品,并应用于2018—2020年度实验室能力验证考核。方法 将背景菌株和克罗诺杆菌属通过生化、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱鉴定确认菌株种属。采用冷冻干燥技术制备的阴性样品(含背景菌)和阳性样品(含背景菌和克罗诺杆菌属)。随机抽取阳性样品和阴性样品各20份进行均匀性检验,然后将样品分别存放于-20℃和4℃进行储藏稳定性检验,存放于25℃和37℃进行运输稳定性检验。向参加考核的实验室发放样品并提供作业指导书,回收各实验室结果进行统计。结果 菌株种属鉴定结果与预期结果一致,均匀性、储藏稳定性和运输稳定性均满足要求。2018—2020年度考核结果满意率分别为97.1%、94.7%和100%。结论 制备的样品满足此能力验证项目的需求,通过组织能力验证考核可以反映出我国实验室之间差异,有助于进一步提高实验室检验水平。     

果汁中胭脂红、柠檬黄和日落黄含量检测能力验证研究

目的通过分析、评定实验室的检测结果,了解国内实验室对果汁中胭脂红、柠檬黄和日落黄的检测能力。方法采用果汁添加标准品的方式制备样品,通过F检验、Ss≤0.3?和|x-y|≤0.3?法对所制备的样品进行均匀性和稳定性检验。以稳健分析算法A得出的稳健平均值和稳健标准差,作为本次能力验证计划的指定值和能力评定标准差,利用z比分数进行参加实验室的能力评定。结果参加实验室检测胭脂红、柠檬黄和日落黄能力评定的满意率分别为79%、87%和77%。结论大部分参加实验室对胭脂红、柠檬黄和日落黄具备较好的检测能力。     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Production,Consumption, and Pricing of Milk and Its Components,

Production and consumption of milk fat, milk protein, and lactose were compared for 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983 to determine whether production and consumption were balanced and, if not, to determine how balance might be achieved. Ratios of these components in milk produced remained virtually constant from 1970 to 1983. However, increased cheese consumption during this period resulted in increased per capita consumption of fat and protein despite reduced consumption of these components in other dairy products. Because lactose is not in cheese, lactose consumption declined. Because of these changes, imbalances of production and consumption of milk components now exist and are due almost entirely to too much lactose being produced. Because of small variation of lactose percentage, this imbalance could be reduced by increased fat and protein percentages. Milk pricing should encourage this by emphasizing fat and protein (not solids-not-fat). Fat and protein differentials should differ from market to market and should be based on utilization. Milk pricing is reviewed, and a procedure for determining blend differentials is outlined.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.

     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.