冷却肉中细菌病原体的存活和生长

介绍 来自于健康动物的肌肉组织应该是安全无毒的。然而,当动物被宰杀的时候,来自干皮、内脏,和周围环境的细菌会污染肉的表面。无论采取任何措施,比如宰前清洗、宰的时候采取一些清理措施或者想办法保持周围环境干净,都是无法避免这种污染的发生。这些有机体有的是已经损坏的细菌,有的是对人体有害的病原体。很多细菌在低温下无法生长但是可以存活。     

Edible Apple Film Wraps Containing Plant Antimicrobials Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens on Meat and Poultry Products

ABSTRACT:  Apple-based edible films containing plant antimicrobials were evaluated for their activity against pathogenic bacteria on meat and poultry products.  Salmonella enterica  or  E. coli  O157:H7 (10⁷ CFU/g) cultures were surface inoculated on chicken breasts and  Listeria monocytogenes  (10⁶ CFU/g) on ham. The inoculated products were then wrapped with edible films containing 3 concentrations (0.5%, 1.5%, and 3%) of cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol. Following incubation at either 23 or 4 °C for 72 h, samples were stomached in buffered peptone water, diluted, and plated for enumeration of survivors. The antimicrobial films exhibited concentration-dependent activities against the pathogens tested. At 23 °C on chicken breasts, films with 3% antimicrobials showed the highest reductions (4.3 to 6.8 log CFU/g) of both  S. enterica  and  E. coli  O157:H7. Films with 1.5% and 0.5% antimicrobials showed 2.4 to 4.3 and 1.6 to 2.8 log reductions, respectively. At 4 °C, carvacrol exhibited greater activity than did cinnamaldehyde. Films with 3%, 1.5%, and 0.5% carvacrol reduced the bacterial populations by about 3, 1.6 to 3, and 0.8 to 1 logs, respectively. Films with 3% and 1.5% cinnamaldehyde induced 1.2 to 2.8 and 1.2 to 1.3 log reductions, respectively. For  L. monocytogenes  on ham, carvacrol films induced greater reductions than did cinnamaldehyde films at all concentrations tested. In general, the reduction of  L. monocytogenes  on ham at 23 °C was greater than at 4 °C. Added antimicrobials had minor effects on physical properties of the films. The results suggest that the food industry and consumers could use these films as wrappings to control surface contamination by foodborne pathogenic microorganisms.     

培育肉的监管发展战略研究

培育肉也被称作生物培育肉、培养肉等,因其可以绕开动物饲喂为人类提供真实动物蛋白,被认为是最有可能解决未来人类肉品生产和消费困境的有效方案之一,具有极高的潜在商业价值。然而,作为一种新型肉类食品,全球的监管体系尚无任何相关的监管经验,亟需从头建立覆盖从培育肉生产到消费全流程的监管政策体系;我国作为全球人口数量最多的国家,每年的肉品生产和消费数量巨大且增速迅猛,具有发展培育肉产业的广阔市场前景。因此,我国需要从国家层面提前统筹规划相关监管体系,以应对科技不断进步给食品监管提出的新挑战和促进相关产业的快速发展。本文通过总结美国、新加坡和欧盟在培育肉监管方面的相关实践和创新探索,结合我国培育肉的发展现状和相关的监管实践,遵照战略性、指导性和实操性原则,提出我国建立培育肉监管体系的政策性建议。     

Incorporation of Essential Oils and Nanoparticles in Pullulan Films to Control Foodborne Pathogens on Meat and Poultry Products

The incorporation of essential oils and nanotechnology into edible films has the potential to improve the microbiological safety of foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pullulan films containing essential oils and nanoparticles against 4 foodborne pathogens. Initial experiments using plate overlay assays demonstrated that 2% oregano essential oil was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium, whereas Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were not inhibited. Two percent rosemary essential oil was active against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and S. Typhimurium, when compared with 1%. Zinc oxide nanoparticles at 110 nm were active against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and S. Typhimurium, when compared with 100 or 130 nm. Conversely, 100 nm silver (Ag) nanoparticles were more active against S. aureus than L. monocytogenes. Using the results from these experiments, the compounds exhibiting the greatest activity were incorporated into pullulan films and found to inhibit all or some of the 4 pathogens in plate overlay assays. In challenge studies, pullulan films containing the compounds effectively inhibited the pathogens associated with vacuum packaged meat and poultry products stored at 4 °C for up to 3 wk, as compared to control films. Additionally, the structure and cross‐section of the films were evaluated using electron microscopy. The results from this study demonstrate that edible films made from pullulan and incorporated with essential oils or nanoparticles may improve the safety of refrigerated, fresh or further processed meat and poultry products.     

Oscillatory High Pressure Processing Applied to Mechanically Recovered Poultry Meat for Bacterial Inactivation

The effect of oscillatory high pressure processing on mesophile and psychrotroph populations of mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM) was evaluated. Vacuum‐packaged samples were subjected to cycles by alternating moderate pressure (60 MPa) and high pressure (450 MPa) at 20 °C, once or several times so that the total time under high pressure was 15 min. A continuous treatment at 450 MPa for 15 min at 20 °C was also performed. Oscillatory treatments did not generate significantly higher decreases in counts of both populations than continuous pressurization. Reductions from 3.2 to 3.8 log CFU g^–1 were found for mesophiles. Psychrotrophs proved more sensitive: one of the cyclic treatments induced a lethality of 5.2 log CFU g ^–1. Pressurization improves the microbiological quality of MRPM.     

肉中4种致病菌的PCR快速检测方法的建立

目的:建立一种能同时检测肉中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌的多重PCR检测方法。方法:根据金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶基因(nuc)、沙门氏菌的侵袭蛋白基因(invA)、志贺氏菌的侵袭性质粒抗原基因(ipaH)和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的内化素基因(inlA)设计引物,通过优化好的反应体系进行多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增目的基因。结果:特异性实验结果表明4种菌均能在相应位置扩增出特异性条带。对污染4种菌的猪肉进行检测,确定出金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的检出限是102CFU/mL,志贺氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌的检出限是101CFU/mL。结论:本实验建立的多重PCR方法比传统细菌检测方法更特异、快速、灵敏,适用于肉中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、沙门菌和单核增生李斯特菌的快速检测。     

An Enzyme Immunoassay Technique for Detection of Salmonellae in Meat and Poultry Products

A commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) in which a myeloma protein (MOPC 467) is used for detection of salmonellae was compared with two conventional cultural methods for detection of salmonellae in naturally contaminated meat and poultry products. Products tested included mechanically deboned poultry, chitterlings, poultry carcass rinsings, chicken necks, luncheon loaf emulsion, pork sausage and basturma. There was 100% agreement between ELISA and cultural methods. The ELISA technique is specific and rapid. Identification of Salmonella-contaminated meat and poultry products was accomplished in 2-3 days compared to the 4-6 days required by conventional cultural methods.     

FTA滤膜与多重PCR结合检测肉中3种食源性致病菌

采用FTA滤膜从肉中直接提取模板DNA,根据金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因、沙门氏菌的IpaB基因、福氏志贺氏菌的ipaH基因设计3对特异性引物,进行多重PCR检测.结果表明,3对引物能特异性扩增出210、280、393bp大小的目的条带;在不增菌的情况下,多重PCR同时检测肉中3种致病菌的灵敏度均为102 cfu/g,检测时间6 h.该检测方法准确、快速、高效,为同时检测肉中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、福氏志贺氏菌奠定了基础.     

宰前与宰杀因素对禽肉品质的影响研究进展

经过20多年的快速发展,我国的家禽业进入了转型期,传统单纯重视家禽品种和养殖的观念已经被"规模化养殖、集中屠宰、冰鲜销售"的产业链结合所代替。与我国规模化家禽养殖体系产业日趋成熟相比,深加工阶段的转变更加强调家禽肉质,目的是满足消费者对高质量(冰鲜)禽肉的需要以及加工企业对原料的要求。然而影响家禽肉质的因素(基因、育种、饲养、宰前管理、击晕、宰杀过程、冷却以及贮藏条件)很多,它们之间相互影响。其中宰前与宰杀因素对于肉质的影响较大,很多问题会出现在宰前与宰杀过程中,最终导致胴体降级以及肉质损害等。本文主要综述宰前与宰杀因素对于禽肉品质的影响,以期为我国屠宰加工业提供一定的参考。     

应用基因芯片技术检测肉及肉制品中5种致病菌

建立一种运用多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)结合基因芯片技术检测大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌5种食源性致病菌的快速、准确、灵敏的方法。分别选取编码大肠埃希氏菌的slt基因、沙门氏菌invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因、志贺氏菌ipaH基因和单核细胞增生李斯特菌inlA基因,并以细菌16S rDNA基因作为阳性对照,设计引物和探针,进行多重PCR扩增,产物与含特异性探针的芯片杂交。结果表明：该基因芯片可同时特异性地检测5种致病菌,多重PCR检测灵敏度为20pg,而DNA芯片检测灵敏度可达2pg;用所制备的基因芯片检测实际肉及肉制品样品,准确率高于传统培养法。所建立的基因芯片检测方法特异性好、灵敏度高,可为食源性致病菌的检测提供理想手段。     

腌腊风干禽制品研究进展

风干禽制品属于中式传统的腌腊制品,有着悠久的历史,其能克服原料肉存在的水分含量高、肉质松软、口味淡薄等诸多缺陷,其特殊的风味深受广大消费者的喜好。本文概述了风干禽制品的微生物区系作用、关键工艺技术、产品特性及安全性,同时探讨了风味物质的形成及防腐保鲜效果。     

Quantitative Detection of Poultry in Cooked Meat Products

ABSTRACT: There is a growing awareness of perceived harm from meat species adulteration, both intentional and accidental. The present study developed a monoclonal antibody (Mab)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative detection of chicken and turkey meat adulterated in cooked (100 °C, 15 min) mammalian meat. The specificity of Mab 5D2 to different species (pork, beef, lamb, deer, horse, duck, chicken, and turkey) and tissues (serum, gizzard, heart, and liver) was studied by noncompetitive ELISA. The detection of cooked chicken in beef, and turkey in pork was accomplished by competitive and noncompetitive ELISAs. Both ELISAs were optimized to quantify cooked poultry in red meats. The new Mab-based ELISAs enabled the detection of cooked poultry in red meats at levels as low as 1% (v/v) or better. The correlation ( r > 0.994) between chicken or turkey concentrations and ELISA signals permitted the quantification of poultry adulterants in cooked non-poultry meats.     

驴肉主要营养成分及与其它畜禽肉的分析比较

本文测定了驴肉的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、脂肪酸、矿物元素、氨基酸的含量,并将驴肉与其他畜禽肉的营养成分作对比分析。结果表明:驴肉蛋白质含量比羊肉、牛肉、猪肉高,而脂肪含量比羊肉、牛肉、猪肉低。驴肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成是比较理想的,矿物元素中Fe含量明显高于其它畜禽肉。从营养学角度看,驴肉是比较理想的动物性食品原料。     

畜禽鲜肉保鲜技术研究进展

畜禽原料肉是消费者常用的主要食物来源,传统畜禽肉以屠宰后直接销售的热鲜肉和在－18 ℃以下贮存的冷冻肉为主,随着禽流感、猪瘟等动物性流感的爆发和人们对食品质量安全要求的提高,畜禽肉的销售逐渐向冷藏生鲜肉形式转变。本文根据畜禽宰后肉品质变化机理和品质评价指标,综述了当前畜禽鲜肉的主要保鲜技术和发展趋势,旨在为其技术开展进一步研究和应用提供理论参考,推动畜禽养殖业和加工业的发展。     

5种禽肉中矿物质含量测定及营养评价

为了分析禽肉中的矿物质含量及营养价值,于深圳市大型农贸市场采集老母鸡、走地鸡、乌骨鸡、鹌鹑以及鹧鸪5种禽肉,对其中的钙、钾、钠、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰、碘、硒、钼11个矿物质元素进行测定分析,并采用营养质量指数法对禽肉中矿物质含量进行营养评价,同时比较禽肉与猪肉、牛肉、羊肉的矿物质营养水平。结果表明,鹌鹑和鹧鸪的矿物质营养价值大于老母鸡、走地鸡和乌骨鸡,除了鹌鹑中的钙和锰元素和鹧鸪中的钠和锰元素外,鹌鹑和鹧鸪中其他元素INQ值均大于1,以鹧鸪中钙的营养价值最为突出,INQ值高达5.69,是其他4种禽类的10倍~50倍。此外,相比于猪肉、牛肉和羊肉的矿物质营养价值,5种禽肉中各元素的INQ值整体水平较高,尤其是相较于猪肉,禽肉有更好的矿物质营养水平。因此,禽肉具有较高的矿物质营养价值,是居民良好的肉类食材选择,其中以鹧鸪和鹌鹑最为突出。     

Emerging Spectroscopic and Spectral Imaging Techniques for the Rapid Detection of Microorganisms: An Overview

Microorganism contamination and foodborne disease outbreaks are of public concern worldwide. As such, the food industry requires rapid and nondestructive methods to detect microorganisms and to control food quality. However, conventional methods such as culture and colony counting, polymerase chain reaction, and immunoassay approaches are laborious, time‐consuming and require trained personnel. Therefore, the emergence of rapid analytical methods is essential. This review introduces 6 spectroscopic and spectral imaging techniques that apply infrared spectroscopy, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy, laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and multispectral imaging for microorganism detection. Recent advances of these technologies from 2011 to 2017 are outlined. Challenges in the application of these technologies for microorganism detection in food matrices are addressed. These emerging spectroscopic and spectral imaging techniques have the potential to provide rapid and nondestructive detection of microorganisms. They should also provide complementary information to enhance the performance of conventional methods to prevent disease outbreaks and food safety problems.     

Cholesterol Content and Methods for Cholesterol Determination in Meat and Poultry

Abstract: Available data for cholesterol content of beef, pork, poultry, and processed meat products were reported. Although the cholesterol concentration in meat and poultry can be influenced by various factors, effects of animal species, muscle fiber type, and muscle fat content are focused on in this review. Oxidative red muscles tend to have greater total lipid and cholesterol contents, although differences in the same types of muscles or cuts have been reported. Moreover, contradictory results among various studies suggest that unless there are pronounced changes in muscle structure and composition, cholesterol content is unlikely to be affected. Second, multiple issues in cholesterol analysis, including sample preparation, detection, and quantification, were evaluated. Cholesterol content of meat and poultry has been determined mostly by colorimetry and chromatography, although the latter has become predominant because of technological advances and method performance. Direct saponification has been the preferred method for hydrolyzing samples because of cost‐ and time‐effectiveness. The extraction solvent varies, but toluene seems to provide sufficient recovery in a single extraction, although the possible formation of an emulsion associated with using toluene requires experience in postsaponification manipulation. The most commonly used internal standard is 5α‐cholestane, although its behavior is not identical to that of cholesterol. Cholesterol can be analyzed routinely by gas chromatography (GC)‐flame ionization detector without derivatization; however, other methods, especially high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detectors, can also be used. For research purposes, HPLC‐ultraviolet/Visible/photodiode array detector with nondestructiveness is preferred, especially when cholesterol must be separated from other coexisting compounds such as tocopherols. More advanced methods, such as GC/HPLC‐isotope dilution/mass spectrometry, are primarily used for quality control purposes.