6种储粮害虫对不同颜色的趋性研究

在实验室内利用校正趋色法,研究我国6种储粮害虫对红色等6种颜色的趋性行为反应。结果表明,6种储粮害虫对不同颜色的趋性情况大多随时间的变化而变化,在特定的时间段内,赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、米象、玉米象对不同颜色的行为反应存在显著性差异(P≤0.05),其中,红色、橙色、黑色对赤拟谷盗均有明显的引诱作用,诱集率最高分别为76.23%、39.55%、49.57%;红色、黑色对玉米象有明显的引诱作用,诱集率最高分别为38.48%、38.67%。嗜卷书虱和无色书虱对所测试6种颜色则大多表现出驱避性,其中,红色和紫色分别对嗜卷书虱、无色书虱有明显的驱避作用,驱避率最高分别为70.29%、54.46%。研究结果可为研发相应颜色诱捕器对储粮害虫进行诱捕监测提供参考。     

Insecticidal effect of thiamethoxam against seven stored-product beetle species

Bioassays were carried out in order to assess the insecticidal value of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam in different concentrations against seven important beetle species that are major pests of stored grains. These species were Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Adults of these species were exposed to grains treated with thiamethoxam at dose rates of 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 or 10 ppm. Our results indicate that with the increase of the insecticide concentration, there was also an increased adult mortality and a reduction in progeny production. To illustrate the relative sensitivity to thiamethoxam of the seven insects, starting with the most susceptible, we can classify them as P. truncatus > R. dominica = S. granarius = S. oryzae > T. confusum = O. surinamensis > C. ferrugineus. The findings of the present research show that thiamethoxam can be recommended for its efficacy at a rate of 10 ppm and duration of 14 days that could be used to control all insects and their progeny.     

Prediction of insect mortality in cooled stored grain

Grain aeration with ambient air is the primary method used in France to prevent and control insect infestations. French grain storage operators consider that complete total mortality of insects can be achieved by maintaining grain temperature at 5 °C for 3 months. A predictive model on insect survival at low temperature was developed, using data from literature to test this hypothesis on Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum. A Cox proportional hazard regression, belonging to survival analysis, was associated to a Receiver Operator Analysis to evaluate the model and to predict durations of cold exposure required to obtain a total mortality for each species at different developmental stages and temperatures. The model described well the data since occurrence or not of a total mortality was correctly described in 77.2% of all cases. Computed predictions highlighted the facts that species cold-tolerance ranking varied depending on the temperature levels and that difference of cold tolerance between adult and immature stages depended greatly on species. A temperature of 0 °C is sufficient to kill all insect populations within 3 months, except Cryptolestes ferrugineus ones. However, a temperature of 5 °C is highly insufficient to achieve a total mortality. Practical implementations of this work are discussed.     

储粮害虫检测方法研究进展

科学、快速、准确进行储粮害虫检测是高效开展害虫综合防治的前提,也是保障粮食安全储藏的重要措施。本文根据国内外储粮害虫检测方法研究与应用进展情况,介绍了直观检查法、取样检查法、诱集检查法、电子检查法等储粮害虫检测方法及其优缺点,展望了储粮害虫检测技术发展方向,以期对我国储粮害虫发生的预测预报研究与应用有所裨益。     

储粮害虫检测技术研究进展

储粮害虫是危害粮食安全的主要因素之一,害虫检测技术对于粮食综合管理有非常重要的意义。根据国内外学者对储粮害虫检测技术的研究报道,本文归纳和总结了各种检测技术,分别介绍传统类、新型物理及生物类检测法。传统检测方法较为成熟并已被标准化,常用方法有直观检查法、取样筛检法、探管诱捕法;物理检测法较为新颖,以快速无损型检测方法为主,包括近红外及高光谱法、软X射线、电导率法、声测法、微波法、图像识别法、电子鼻等七种;生物检测法多为辅助性方法,常与其他方法联用以达到较优检测效果。本文对各种方法进行深入比较,并探讨国内外最新害虫检测技术,以期为将来研发合适的检测方法和仪器提供参考。     

苦皮藤素乳油对三种储粮害虫的熏蒸作用

采用密闭熏蒸法研究了苦皮藤素乳油对储粮害虫的熏蒸作用。研究结果表明,处理24h后,苦皮藤素乳油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的LD50分别为3.606 97、2.773 78和2.048 87μg/ml;玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的回归方程分别为Y=3.972 64 X+2.786 68、Y=4.319 64 X+3.086 09和Y=4.095 70 X+3.724 13。三种储粮害虫对苦皮藤素乳油的敏感度由强到弱依次为锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、玉米象。     

Potential of four Turkish isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes against three major stored products insect pests

The insecticidal effect of native entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) isolates (Steinernema feltiae UTP-5 isolate, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora UMK-7 isolate, S. feltiae DDKY-11 isolate and H. bacteriophora AVB-15 isolate) recovered from the Cappadocia Region of Turkey were investigated on the adults of S. granarius and R. dominica and the larvae of E. kuehniella at different temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C) and concentrations (250, 500 and 1000 IJs/adult for S. granarius and R. dominica; 10, 50 and 100 IJs/larvae for E. kuehniella) under controlled conditions. Insect mortality was recorded after 4th, 6th and 8th day of exposure time for S. granarius and R. dominica, and 2nd and 4th day for E. kuehniella. The results showed that the efficacy of the isolates at 25 °C was generally higher than the ones at 15 °C and 20 °C. Steinernema feltiae DDKB-17 isolate caused the highest mortality (86%) against S. granarius adults at all temperatures tested. The virulence of the tested isolates on R. dominica adults did not exceed 44% at all temperatures and concentrations tested. UMK-7 and AVB-15 isolates were the most virulent isolates against E. kuehniella larvae with a mortality rate of 100%. Based on the results obtained from the laboratory tests, it appeared that the isolates tested have a good potential for the management of S. granarius, R. dominica and E. kuehniella.     

Insecticidal effect of contact insecticides against stored product beetle populations with different susceptibility to phosphine

In the present work we evaluated the effect of alpha-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and spinetoram on field and laboratory strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) with different susceptibility levels to phosphine. The field populations were collected from storage facilities in Greece and were characterized as resistant by using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) protocol, based on the same protocol, populations were characterized as susceptible to phosphine. The insecticides were applied at three dose rates (0.1, 1 and 10 ppm) on wheat and adult mortality was measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed 65 days later. For S. oryzae populations, complete control was noted at the highest dose on pirimiphos-methyl and spinetoram, while mortality caused by alpha-cypermethrin was 62 and 100% for the field and laboratory populations, respectively. For O. surinamensis, complete control was recorded at the highest dose only on alpha-cypermethrin for the laboratory population, in contrast with the field population, where mortality was only 32% after 21 days of exposure. In general, the variations among populations were negligible for spinetoram, probably due to the fact that the populations tested were not previously exposed to this active ingredient. In contrast, the lowest susceptibility of the field populations to the other two insecticides can be attributed to the fact that these populations might have been exposed to these active ingredients, while any hypothesis for cross-resistance with phosphine has to be examined more thoroughly.     

Persistence and efficacy of indoxacarb against three stored product insect species on wheat and maize

In the present study, we investigated the insecticidal efficacy of indoxacarb on wheat and maize, against adults of three major stored-grain species, the rice weevil, Sitophilius oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and the confused flour beetle, Tribollium confusum Jacquelin Du Val (Coleoptera). For this purpose, bioassays were carried out with indoxacarb at the doses 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm. Moreover, the treated grains were left at the laboratory for a period of six months, in order to examine the residual effect of indoxacarb, by conducting bioassays at monthly intervals. For S. oryzae and R. dominica, adults were exposed in the treated grains for 7 and 14 d, while for T. confusum adults were exposed for 14 and 21 d, in order to estimate the mortality level. After the termination of this interval, the treated samples were left for an additional period of 65 days, on which progeny production was recorded. R. dominica was by far more susceptible than S. oryzae, given that mortality, in many cases, reached 100% even after 7 d of exposure, even at the lowest dose rate of 0.1 ppm. At the same time, for this species, progeny production was low. For S. oryzae, mortality was low at 0.1 ppm, with high levels of progeny production. T. confusum was the least susceptible of the species tested. Generally, during the experimental period, the efficacy of indoxacarb was decreased, but mortality was higher on wheat than on maize. Indoxacarb residues determination by GC-ECD indicated that after 6 months 33% of the insecticide remains in grains at 0.1 ppm dose, about 40–50% at 1 ppm and about 40–60% at 10 ppm dose. Based on the results of the present work, indoxacarb is an effective grain protectant, at least in the case of R. dominica and S. oryzae.     

拜乐对大曲害虫蟑螂的杀灭效果研究

采用拜乐防治酒曲害虫——蟑螂,效果极为明显,结果表明:仅经过17d时间,在自然温度及湿度下,当剂量为0.lg/0.039m3时,便可使蟑螂的最低校正死亡率达86.40％,最高为97.70％.对比实验前后,大曲的水分、淀粉变化极小;酸度及氨基酸态氮含量增大;发酵力稍有变大,而糖化力总体呈下降趋势,平均下降32.3％;个别曲样糖化力变化异常,甚至超出标准范围,这可能与蟑螂的代谢产物相关,有待进一步研究.     

Insecticidal efficacy of spinetoram against Sitophilus zeamais: Influence of dose,exposure interval and temperature

The efficacy of spinetoram against Sitophilus zeamais adults was investigated using nine dose rates, 0.01, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, 5.00 and 10.00 mg kg⁻¹ at 20, 25 and 30 ^°C (55% r.h) in the laboratory. Mortality was assessed 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after exposure, and progeny production was recorded 65 d after the final count. Dose rates and exposure periods affected adult mortality, while temperature did not in most of the exposure period-dose combinations. At low doses of ≤0.50 mg kg-¹, mortality rates did not reach 50%, despite increasing exposure periods. Complete mortality was achieved at ≥ 2 mg kg⁻¹ at 30 ^°C, and at ≥ 5 mg kg⁻¹ at 20 and 25 ^°C after 28 d exposures. Generally, significant increase in mortality were observed at ≥ 7 d exposures. However, at 30 ^°C the mortality rate reached 51% after 2 d exposure to 10 mg kg⁻¹. Increasing the temperature to 30 ^°C had a significant effect in decreasing the dose rates for insect mortality. Significant reductions in progeny development were obtained at ≥ 2 mg kg⁻¹ at 20 and 25 ^°C, and at ≥ 1 mg kg⁻¹ at 30 ^°C. The difference in temperature, with the exception of 1 and 2 mg kg⁻¹ dosages, had no effect on reducing the progeny. In light of the mortality and progeny data, we can conclude that spinetoram can successfully control S. zeamais and suppress its population growth by decreasing progeny production.     

混沌理论在储粮害虫预测中的应用研究展望

针对我国储粮害虫预测所面临的技术需求,分析了储粮害虫预测预报技术研究现状及其存在的问题,以研究解决储粮害虫前期预测问题为目标,围绕储粮害虫种群数量、生长规律、发生时间序列的混沌特性等进行探讨并做出展望,探索运用混沌理论中的相空间重构、庞卡莱截面、返回映像和自相关函数等方法对害虫发生非平稳时间序列进行分析和预测,将混沌理论运用于粮虫的预测预报领域,寻求储粮害虫预测技术的创新点与突破点,为储粮害虫预测预报技术提供支撑,对完善储粮害虫预测技术和保障粮食安全具有指导意义。     

储粮害虫低氧应答机制的研究进展

气调储粮技术是利用低氧抑制密闭的仓储系统内生物呼吸作用的原理,达到害虫防治目的一种绿色、有效手段,然而储粮害虫较强的低氧适应能力给这项技术的实际推广带来挑战.近年来,储粮害虫低氧应答机制的研究已成为研究的热点.本文将从储粮害虫低氧适应策略及相关调控机制两方面进行综述,重点探索昆虫低氧应答调控机制,包括低氧诱导因子(HI...     

Efficacy of six grain protectants applied alone or in combination against three species of coleoptera

Laboratory experiments were carried out to establish whether there were synergistic or antagonistic interactions in combination treatments of certain grain protectants. Six protectants were applied alone, or in combination, against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in stored maize and wheat, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in stored wheat. There were four organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and methacrifos), one juvenile hormone analogue (methoprene) and one synergised pyrethroid (deltamethrin+piperonyl butoxide); and combination treatments consisted of either methoprene or synergised deltamethrin plus an OP insecticide. Based on the levels of control of adult progeny and periods of protection, there were no interactions between protectants. The results show that there is no need to alter field application rates to compensate for antagonism or to take advantage of synergism. They also support the view that application rates for combination treatments can be estimated from experiments on individual protectants using target species or strains.     

Efficacy of filter cake and Triplex powders from Ethiopia against three externally developing stored product insect species

Efficacy of filter cake and Triplex powders was evaluated against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Mortality of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis was determined 14 d after exposing 20 adults to 100 g of maize and wheat treated with 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, and 3 g/kg of filter cake and 0, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 g/kg of Triplex. Adult progeny production was determined at 42 d. Live larvae at 21 d and adults of P. interpunctella that emerged at 42 d were determined by exposing 100 eggs to 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, and 3 g/kg of filter cake and 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 g/kg of Triplex treated maize and wheat. On both grains, 100% mortality of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis adults was observed after exposure to 2–3 and 1–3 g/kg of filter cake, respectively. On wheat, 100% mortality only of O. surinamensis was observed in 2–3 g/kg Triplex treatment. Adult progeny production of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis was completely suppressed on both grains treated with 0.7–3 g/kg of filter cake. Adult progeny production of T. castaneum was completely suppressed at 1–3 g/kg of Triplex treated grains, whereas complete suppression of O. surinamensis was achieved only on maize treated with 2–3 g/kg of Triplex. Both live larvae at 21 d and adults of P. interpunctella that emerged at 42 d were completely suppressed when eggs were exposed to 2–3 and 0.5–3 g/kg filter cake treated maize and wheat, respectively, and on 6–8 and 3 g/kg Triplex treated maize and wheat, respectively. Filter cake was more efficacious compared to Triplex on both grains.     

Tanacetum vulgare essential oil as grain protectant against adults and larvae of four major stored-product insect pests

In this study the adulticidal and larvicidal effect of tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil (EO) was estimated against four noxious stored-product insect species; Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). The EO chemical composition, as determined by GC-MS, was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (68.2%), with borneol (13.6%), umbellulone (11.7%), artemisia ketone (9.3%), cis-chrysanthenol (6.9%), camphor (5.9%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.5%) as the major constituents. This profile was quite different from those previously reported from other T. vulgare European accessions which are characterized by high content of the toxic trans-thujone. The T. vulgare EO was applied as wheat protectant at two concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. Adult and larval mortality levels were estimated after 4, 8 and 16 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days. Tanacetum vulgare EO caused complete mortality (100%) to T. castaneum larvae, but only 25.6% to adults at 1000 ppm 6 and 7 days post-exposure, respectively. The mortality rates of T. confusum larvae and adults were 56.7 and 8.9% on wheat treated with 1000 ppm EO, respectively after 7 days of exposure. The ΕΟ caused moderate mortality to T. molitor adults (52.2%), and low mortality to larvae (8.9%), at 1000 ppm at the end of the experimental period. High mortality of O. surinamensis larvae (93.3%) was noticed at 1000 ppm after 7 days of exposure, while only 13.3% of the exposed adults were dead at the same concentration and exposure interval. Overall, the T. vulgare EO could be considered as a potential wheat protectant for the management of important stored-product insects. However, its efficacy depends on the species and the life stage of the target pest.     

普通肉食螨对9 种储粮害虫的捕食能力研究

研究了普通肉食螨（Cheyletus eruditusSchrank）幼螨、原若螨、后若螨、雌成螨4 种螨态对嗜卷书虱（Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel）、锈赤扁谷盗（Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens）等9 种常见储粮害虫的卵和1 龄幼虫（若虫）的捕食虫谱。研究发现,4 种螨态对9 种储粮害虫均有不同程度的捕食能力,普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食能力较强,分别达3.3 粒/天d（卵）和2.4 头/d（1 龄若虫）。进一步探索普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食功能反应,研究表明：在猎物密度为1～10 头（粒）范围内,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵的捕食量分别为：0.4～1.4、0.3～1.5、0.5～3.3 粒/d,对嗜卷书虱1 龄若虫的捕食量分别为0.1～0.6、0.2～1.2、0.4～2.4 头/d,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵和1 龄若虫的捕食功能均符合HollingⅡ型,攻击系数、捕食上限和捕食效能最高分别为0.515、8.485 和4.239 粒/d。     

中高温储粮区粮堆表层害虫种类调查

环境温度是储粮害虫发生发展的关键因子,我国中温和高温储粮生态区的温度环境适合储粮害虫的生长,是储粮害虫危害较为严重的区域,为更好地指导该地区粮库进行储粮害虫综合防治,随机选取了中温和高温储粮生态区内的19个粮库,采用波纹纸板诱捕器诱集法,开展了主要储粮害虫调查研究。结果表明:中温和高温储粮生态区内的19个粮库中,包含了18种主要储粮害虫。中、高温区主要储粮害虫种类差异不大,粉食性害虫种类远远高于蛀食性害虫;中温、高温区均适宜害虫发生发展,中温区害虫种类略高于高温区。     

基于TL-FCM的储粮害虫图像分割算法研究

针对储粮害虫的图像识别需求,结合传统模糊C均值算法(FCM)在粮虫图像分割时运算开销过大、噪音敏感度偏高等不足,提出TL-FCM(Tower layered FCM)粮虫图像分割改进算法。该方法采取塔状层次构架来降低运算的时间复杂度,同时对目标图像的像素隶属度进行约束,为传统算法中的目标函数引入约束项,从而有效约束邻域信息。仿真结果能够证明所构建的优化算法处理时间较短,且能够有效保留粮虫图像分割区域细节,算法性能和效果均比较理想。