Temperature fluctuations and moisture migration in wheat stored for 15 months in a metal silo in Canada

Temperatures and moisture contents inside a metal silo filled with 20 t of wheat were monitored from August 2003 to October 2004 in Western Canada. In the summer and then repeated in the autumn of 2005, grain moisture contents inside small columns, inserted in the top of the grain bulk in the same metal silo, were measured after 4 and 8 weeks. The columns had the following configurations: 1) both the top and bottom of the column were open; 2) the top of the column was open and the bottom was sealed; and 3) the top of the column was sealed and the bottom was open.During the 15-month period, headspace temperature averaged 2.9 ± 0.2 °C higher than that of the ambient air with a maximum of 18.3 °C and a minimum of 0 °C. There was larger temperature fluctuation in the headspace than inside the grain mass. The average temperature gradient was 5.09 ± 1.24 °C/m inside the grain mass. The highest temperature gradient was 32.4 °C/m and it was located at the center of the bin at 1.6 m high. “Inside” grain had a lower moisture change than the surface grain.Grain in the top section of the column with the column configuration of Top End Open had the largest change of its moisture content, and grain in the middle section of the column with any of the configurations did not change. Grain inside the small columns at different locations in the silo had different moisture movement trends. These trends were consistent with the measured moisture migration in the entire silo. These results confirm that even in a small silo there were temperature gradients large enough to drive air movement and the induced convection currents could cause moisture migration.     

广东地区浅圆仓玉米粮堆温度分布规律研究

为了解浅圆仓玉米储藏全年的粮堆温度变化规律,采用实仓调查的方法分析了广东地区一浅圆仓玉米入仓后第一年粮温在垂直方向和水平剖面上的变化,并通过温差和露点评估了粮堆表层的结露风险。结果表明：在垂直方向上,粮面下5 m范围内粮食受夏秋季太阳热辐射影响,温度超过20℃的时间在2个月以上,空调控温工艺能将仓温和表层粮温有效降低至25℃及以下,但在秋季空调关闭后,粮面下9 m范围的粮温有不同程度反弹升高;在水平剖面上,内外圈温差明显,温差大小受粮层深度和季节影响,同时受仓体周围遮挡物影响,阳光直射多的方向粮温高于其他方向;粮堆表层内圈范围在空调控温前结露风险较高。     

Numerical simulations of gas exchange in leaky grain silos, using measured boundary conditions

Commercial software was used to predict the gas exchange in leaky grain silos during modified atmosphere storage. Local hourly weather data and measured gas flow rate are used as model inputs to simulate two possible control strategies. Simulations are done for a purged grain silo with and without a maintenance flow rate. Predicted temperatures and gas mass fractions are presented which highlight the importance of a maintenance flow. Good agreement is shown with measured data taken inside a 450 tonne grain silo that is subjected to a constant gas flow. Improvements to the model and to the experimental procedures are suggested.     

南亚热带地区稻谷立筒仓智能化降温通风试验

在广州市南沙区于2018年1月16日～2月7日期间,对装粮高度11 m的稻谷立筒仓(约650 t)采用自然冷空气进行智能化降温通风,分别采用5.5 kW和2.2 kW的离心风机上行式通风,风机运转条件是粮堆与大气温度之差≥3℃,粮堆平衡绝对湿度(EAHg)≦大气平衡绝对湿度(AHa)。结果表明,风机自动化运行时间主要在夜间,采用5.5 kW风机的301号仓粮堆平均温度由19.2℃降到13.8℃,风机运转了72.9h,单位能耗是0.087 kW·h t~(-1)℃~(-1);采用2.2 kW风机的501号仓粮堆平均温度由20.9℃降到12.4℃,风机运转了148.6 h,单位能耗是0.047 kW h t~(-1)℃~(-1),与当地人工控制的吸出式下行降温通风单位能耗比较,显著节约电能54%～75%。两个智能化降温通风仓通风结束后粮堆水分保持不变。与对照仓比较,采用低功率离心风机进行智能化降温通风后的稻谷出米率和加工品质有提高的趋势。这说明稻谷立筒仓智能化通风期间整个粮堆湿热分布均匀,不发生水分迁移。     

大跨度平房仓上下行降温通风的数值模拟研究

基于多孔介质流动和传热传质理论,建立了仓储储粮通风过程中粮堆内部流动及热湿耦合传递的数学模型。采用计算流体动力学的方法,预测分析了双侧通风的大跨度平房仓在不同粮堆温度梯度方向、不同竖向通风方式的4种工况下粮堆内部温度和水分变化规律。同时探究了吊顶粮仓与未吊顶粮仓在4种通风工况下的降温保水效果。结果表明：粮仓未吊顶时,上行通风方式的降温保水效果优于下行通风;对于吊顶粮仓,上行通风与下行通风降温保水效果相差不大;粮面顶部的空气区域对降温通风时粮堆的温度变化、水分变化影响较大,对粮仓进行吊顶,具有更好的降温保水效果。     

基于数值预测的稻谷横向降温保水通风最佳湿度研究

本实验基于多孔介质热湿传递原理和粮粒吸湿/解吸湿理论,建立了通风过程中粮堆内部热湿耦合传递方程,采用数值预测的方法,研究了吨粮通风量不变、粮堆初始温度与通风空气温度差8℃情况下,粮堆初始平衡湿度与通风空气湿度差分别为-5%、0%和5%时,粮堆内部温度和水分随时间的变化规律。探究了通风湿度对稻谷横向保水降温通风过程中粮堆温度和水分的影响,分析了一定初始粮温和水分时通风空气温湿度对降温保水的效果,得到了稻谷横向降温保水通风的最佳湿度。研究结果可以丰富和完善横向降温保水通风工艺,同时也为横向降温保水通风的操作提供依据。     

钢结构简易囤通风效果评价

介绍了钢结构千吨囤的建设情况和降温通风工艺应用情况,通过检测千吨囤风机压力和表观风速等通风参数,对千吨囤的通风降温效果及效能进行评价。千吨囤的通风方式为竖向上行压入式通风,采用数字风压和风速测定仪对千吨囤进行竖向通风参数测试研究。结果显示:千吨囤玉米粮堆竖向通风的表观风速和单位通风量增加,粮堆的单位粮层阻力也增加,两者呈正相关;通风阻力中设施阻力占比较大,中心主风道与出粮通道共用管道设计,便于出粮作业,但增加了通风设施阻力,导致通风能耗增加,且受风道设计影响,囤体东北角区域粮面表观风速较低,局部通风效果不佳,建议优化风道设计,可将主通风道与支风道呈放射状均匀布置。千吨囤通风后,粮堆整体温度降低11.3℃,每层平均温度降至-6℃左右,除局部位置温度下降不明显,其余通风降温效果良好。     

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Drying Kinetics of Fresh Japanese Noodle (Udon)

The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the drying kinetics were investigated to identify the optimal drying conditions for Japanese noodle (udon). Drying of fresh udon was carried out under nine conditions involving three temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C) and three RHs (60, 70 and 80%) at a constant airflow. The apparent moisture diffusivities were determined using a diffusion model taking into account both the internal and external mass transfer resistances. The effect of RH on the apparent moisture diffusivity was found to be smaller than that of temperature, but could not be neglected. A modified Arrhenius-type equation of diffusivity involving a RH term was proposed and used for the calculation of moisture content with time. The proposed equation was found to be effective for representing the drying process of fresh udon.     

基于温湿度场耦合的粮堆离散测点温度场重现分析

以钢板浅圆仓为研究对象,以小麦粮堆为目标粮堆,利用温度传感器阵列监测粮堆不同季节、不同位点的温度,运用粮温拟合算法和Matlab模拟软件,重现了不同季节、不同方位的浅圆仓小麦粮堆温度场变化规律,并基于温度湿度场耦合原理对云图进行了分析。结果表明:夏季,粮堆中存在大体积的"冷芯"可以使粮堆安全度夏;秋冬季,粮堆中有"热-冷"多层次区域变化,易导致第2年春季在粮堆表层发生结露霉变;而在冬季进行机械通风作业可有效消除粮堆在春季易结露的安全隐患。本研究为运用场论分析法预判储粮安全提供了有利依据。     

Simulation model of Rhyzopertha dominica population dynamics in concrete grain bins

Rhyzopertha dominica is one of the most damaging insect pests in grain elevators and causes millions of dollars worth of stored grain losses annually in the USA. A simulation model was developed for predicting R. dominica population dynamics in concrete grain bins. The model used a two-dimensional representation of a cylindrical concrete bin (33 m tall×6.4 m wide), and used hourly weather data to predict changes in grain temperature. Output from the grain bin temperature and moisture module was used by the insect module to predict changes in insect density in 32 different bin regions. When compared to validation data from nine grain bins, the model accurately predicted insect vertical distribution and insect density. In December, the highest insect density was in the top center of the grain mass, and decreased steadily with increasing depth and towards the periphery of the grain mass. R. dominica attains this spatial distribution because immigration is primarily through the top of the bin, and higher populations occur in the interior of the grain mass because of warmer temperatures there. Initially, the model underestimated actual insect density in the grain bins. We increased the immigration rate by 50% and this resulted in a much better prediction of R. dominica density by the model. From 20 September to 14 December, populations of R. dominica increased from 0.1 to 3.5 insects per kg of wheat.     

筒仓中粮食卸料动压力的数值模型

筒仓中粮食卸料时拱不断形成并不断坍塌。以这些不稳定拱(瞬态拱)为依据,建立一个预测筒仓中粮食卸料动压力的数值模型。将粮食分成许多薄层,结拱层上方的粮食视为多层弹簧振子系统,建立该系统的振动方程,从而解出结拱层的加速度,再对结拱层运用动量定理,推导出粮食卸料时对仓壁的动压力。计算结果表明:粮食卸料时粮食对筒仓壁产生的动压力大于Janssen方程计算的储藏静压力,粮食卸料时超压因子随粮食深度的增加而增加,对于直径10 m的筒仓(ρ=800 kg/m3,φ=25.0,°μ=0.4,Q=1.0 kt/h,ν=0.4,Ev=30.0 MPa),粮食深度从2.0 m增加到24.0 m时,超压因子从约1.33增加到1.87;粮食卸料时超压因子随粮食流量的增大而增大,随粮食体积弹性模量的增大而增大,随粮食和仓壁摩擦系数的增大而增大,随粮食内摩擦角的增大而减小;储藏静压力和卸料动压力都随粮食和仓壁摩擦系数的增大而减小,都随粮食内摩擦角的增大而减小。     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL to PREDICT EFFECT of TEMPERATURE ABUSE IN MAP SYSTEMS APPLIED to PACIFIC HAKE (MERLUCCIUS AUSTRALIS)

This paper describes the development of a mathematical model to predict consequences of temperature abuse on shelf‐life of Pacific Hake packed in modified atmosphere. the model includes simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomena coupled with a predictive shelf‐life model for packed fish. the model was solved using an explicit finite difference scheme. the simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. the model predicted temperature, gas concentration and relative humidity within < 0.6[°C], < 1.43% and 3%, respectively. Shelf‐life model predicts that, even if the fraction of the total storage time at an abusive temperature is small (4.3%), the reduction in shelf‐life can be significant (25%). the predicted shelf‐life without temperature abuse is consistent with literature results. Optimum MAP systems must reach pseudoequilibrium headspace gas composition which maximize the shelf‐life of food considering possible environmental temperature abuses.     

温湿度对稻谷粮堆结露的影响及实仓结露预警

粮食安全是国家自立、经济发展和社会稳定的重要保障。粮食在储藏过程中由于粮堆结露使得粮堆局部水分含量升高,易引起粮食呼吸旺盛,微生物活动加剧,甚至引起粮堆发热、霉变,严重危害粮食安全。本研究通过分析空气中饱和水汽量与温湿度的关系曲线,获得露点温度与空气温度、湿度的数学模型t_2=t_1+lg(RH_1)/lg1. 063,并绘制露点温度预测图。通过实验室模拟结露绘制稻谷表层结露曲线,拟定义了稻谷表层结露的前期、中期与末期。此外分析季节交替对粮堆各区域的温度变化的影响,进行结露预警。为完善我国的粮情监测系统,指导储粮实践,保障粮食安全提供借鉴。     

Developing and verifying a fumigant loss model for bulk stored grain to predict phosphine concentrations by taking into account fumigant leakage and sorption

To ensure fumigation effectiveness and address phosphine resistance concerns, fumigant concentrations and movement in a grain storage silo need to be understood. A mathematically accurate fumigation model was developed that is capable of predicting fumigant concentration and movement throughout a grain storage silo that takes into account fumigant loss from leakage and sorption, and was verified with experimental fumigation data. Equations estimating fumigant leakage and sorption were developed based on literature values and added to an existing finite element model. Fumigation data was used from a fumigation conducted on an Australian made silo filled with 45.5 tonnes of maize in Manhattan, Kansas. Two verifications were conducted based on phosphine concentration release times of 24 h and 30 h, with both verifications demonstrating accurate prediction of phosphine fumigant values and trends. The two verifications resulted in concentration-time products that were within 0.9% and 4.3% of the experimental values, respectively. The fumigation model is most accurate during the times of highest phosphine concentration. However, the model under predicted phosphine concentrations during the first 12 h of fumigation and over predicted phosphine concentrations beyond the first six days of fumigation. This fumigation model was found to be sufficiently accurate to allow for future experimentation on predicting fumigant concentrations as a function of environmental conditions and operational variable.     

Wind-induced pressure distribution on a large grain storage shed: Prediction of wind-driven ventilation rates

The wind-induced pressure distribution over a typical, large grain storage shed (rectangular low rise building, 30° pitched roof) is presented for different wind orientations. The distribution was determined from a wind tunnel model study using a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. The overall pattern was similar to that expected, showing, in particular, a prominent leeward vortex for some wind incidence angles. As an example of the use of the pressure distribution data in ventilation modelling and design studies, the ventilation rate was calculated for three different dispositions of vent in the storage. Two of these incorporated rectangular vents in the roof; the third being the common open eave vent system. The three dispositions investigated gave similar calculated ventilation rates showing that, for an equal area of vent, the open eave system could be replaced by suitably placed and more easily sealed rectangular vents.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT STORED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS IN TURKEY

Four different types of wheat storage systems are widely used in the Marmara region. The existing storage conditions were studied and changes in the microbiological quality of the stored wheat under these conditions were assessed.
Depending on the external conditions, ambient temperatures and relative humidities in the stores were 17–26°C and 50–65% RH during summer and 3–10°C and 62–83% RH during winter, respectively. The low relative humidity level during harvesting and subsequent storage was adequate for obtaining low levels of moisture content and water activity in the produci for safe storage. The increase in relative humidity of the air during winter months did not affect the moisture content of the product considerably and the low temperature prevented mold growth. Therefore, all of the four different storage facilities were suitable for safe storage of grain for a period of one year without significant losses in quality due to microbiological load.     

地下生态粮仓中粮食温度场的试验与数值仿真

粮温是影响粮食安全的重要因素,论文采用地下模拟试验、工程性试验与数值仿真相结合的方法,研究了地下生态粮仓的粮食温度变化规律。通过在试验仓内布设测温电缆,定时定点监测温度,获取仓内各测点的温度变化规律。以地下储粮环境条件为基础,构建了模拟试验仓的物理模型,用数值方法分析了仓内粮食的温度场,并与试验结果对比,验证了数值方法的有效性。据此对工程性试验仓不同入仓时间的粮食温度场进行了数值分析,发现地下粮仓入粮应优先选择冬季,夏季入粮时因粮温较高应采取适当方式(如机械通风)降低粮食温度,以实现低温储藏。研究表明:埋深较深的工程性试验仓的储粮效果优于模拟试验仓;地下生态粮仓仓内粮食温度随着储存时间的增加基本保持稳定,且逐渐趋于地温;模拟试验仓粮温稳定在20℃左右,工程性试验仓粮温稳定在17℃左右,而对应地上仓平均粮温在25℃左右,局部粮温高达30℃,随季节变化较大。因而地下生态粮仓具有恒低温储粮的优势,有利于保证粮食品质和储粮安全。     

DIMENSIONLESS CORRELATION FOR ESTIMATING INTERNAL PRESSURE IN THIN-WALLED ALUMINUM CONTAINERS DURING THERMAL PROCESSING

The need for creating container initial pressure, overpressure requirements and maintenance during thermal processing of thin‐walled aluminum containers is briefly discussed. the initial pressure within containers was achieved by injecting liquid nitrogen (LN₂) into the container headspace (0.5, 0.75 and 1 in.) prior to seaming. Experiments were conducted using a computer‐controlled retort with water‐immersion as heating medium, and temperatures ranging from 241 to 261F. Product initial temperature varied from approximately 45 to 135F. Container internal time‐pressure history during processing was monitored using a remote pressure sensor mounted within the container. Using water as model food, a dimensionless correlation that related the maximum cortainer pressure to product headspace, initial temperature and pressure was developed. Increasing retort temperature increased the maximum container internal pressure, while increasing product initial temperature decreased the maximum internal pressure developed within the container processing. the effect of product initial temperature on the maximum internal pressure was attributed to the amount/level of entrapped gasses present. Developed correlation using water predicted the internal pressure for 5% bentonite suspension with marginal errors (2 to 7%). However, the model failed to predict the maximum pressure for oil‐filled containers.     

气膜钢筋混凝土球形仓小麦储藏品质的分析研究

为研究新仓型气膜钢筋混凝土球形仓（以下简称“气膜球形仓”）的实仓储粮效果，以我国首座气膜球形仓为研究对象，小麦储粮粮堆为研究目标，对粮温、虫霉害、质量、品质、毒素等指标进行了分析。结果表明，储藏周期内，小麦粮堆无虫害、无霉变，各项品质指标均处于宜存标准内，粮情稳定，质量良好，气膜球形仓是一种适合粮食保质安全储藏的新型仓型。     

24米跨度高大平房仓横向保水降温通风模拟研究

横向通风作为高大平房仓一种新的通风方式,国内外对其保水降温效果研究较少。基于多孔介质流动和传热传质理论,采用数值模拟的方法,预测了不同大气温湿度条件下横向通风过程中粮堆内部温度变化和水分迁移规律。通过分析进风湿度和通风时间不同时粮堆内部的温度和水分分布,得到了横向保水降温通风的最佳通风条件,可为合理进行机械通风操作提供理论指导。