对甲苯甲酸的氰化

本文报道了对甲苯甲酸与尿素反应，进行直接氰化浆羧基转变化氰基生成对甲腈的情况，详细研究了对甲苯甲酸直接氰化的工艺条件。当对甲苯甲酸与尿素的摩尔比为１：１．６，采用分段保温的加热方式，产品收率达７５．６％，对未反应完全的原料，中间体及反应中使用的溶剂进行了回收和循环利用，没有严重的环境污染问题。     

溶剂法合成对甲苯甲腈

本文报道了对甲苯甲酸在氨基磺酸的存在下，在溶剂中同尿素反应生成对甲苯甲腈的合成方法，并对影响产品收率的因素进行了讨论。     

对甲苯甲腈合成工艺改进

报道了对甲苯甲酸也尿素反应，进行直接氰化将羧基转变成氰基生成对甲苯甲腈的情况，改进了对甲苯甲酸直接氰化的工艺条件。当对甲苯甲酸与尿素的摩尔比为1：1.6，采用分段保温的加热方式，产品收率达75.6％。对未反应完全的原料、中间体及反应中使用的溶剂进行了回收和循环利用，没有严重的环境污染问题。     

对甲苯甲腈合成工艺改进

本文报道了对甲苯甲酸与尿素反应，进行直接氰化将羧基转变成氰基生成对甲苯甲腈的情况，改进了对甲苯甲酸直接氰化的工艺条件。当对甲苯甲酸与尿素的摩尔比为1：1．6，采用分解保温的加热方式，产品收率达75．6％。对未反应完全的原料、中间体及反应中使用的溶剂进行了回收和循环利用。     

对甲苯腈合成工艺改进

报道了对甲苯酸与尿素反应，进行了直接氰化将羧基转变成氰基生成对甲苯腈的情况，改进了对甲苯甲酸直接氰化的工艺条件，当对甲苯甲酸与尿素的物质的量比为1：1．6，采用分段保温的加热方式，收率达75．6％，对未反应完全的原料，中间体及反应中使用的溶剂进行了回收和循环利用，没有严重的环境污染问题。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵催化合成对甲苯氧乙酸

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵催化氯乙酸和对甲苯酚合成对甲苯氧乙酸,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵具有较高的催化活性,可以加快合成对甲苯氧乙酸。考察了对甲苯酚与氯乙酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对产率的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性能。反应的最佳条件为:在80℃下,对甲苯酚和氯乙酸的摩尔比为1∶2,催化剂质量为0.2 g,反应时间2.5 h,此反应所得到的对甲苯氧乙酸的产率为51.93%。该催化剂的用量很少,易于回收,并且可以重复使用。     

对甲苯甲腈合成新路线

叙述了以对二甲苯为起始原料，先以３０％～３５％硝酸进行氧化制得对甲苯甲酸，再和尿素经加热熔融反应制得对甲苯甲腈的合成工艺。     

对甲苯甲腈合成工艺改进

本文报道了对甲苯甲酸与尿素反应,进行直接氰化将羧基转变成氰基生成对甲苯甲腈的情况,改进了对甲苯甲酸直接氰化的工艺条件。当对甲苯甲酸与尿素的摩尔比为1:1.6,采用分段保温的加热方式,产品收率达75.6％。对未反应完全的原料、中间体及反应中使用的溶剂进行了回收和循环利用。     

对甲苯酚在精细化学品生产中的应用

本文综述由对甲苯酚深加工生产一系列精细化工中间体及精细化学品的过程,如对羟基苯甲醛及杀菌剂、抗菌素增效剂、香料(香兰素、复盆子酮)及除草剂(溴苯腈、羟敌草腈)等,对综合利用对甲苯酚具有一定参考意义。     

微波辐射合成对甲苯基苄基醚的研究

以95%的乙醇为溶剂,以氯化苄和对甲苯酚为原料利用微波辐射加热合成对甲苯基苄基醚。通过实验研究了原料配比、微波加热时间和溶剂用量等因素对合成该物质的影响。实验结果表明该法制备对甲苯基苄基醚的优化反应条件为:对甲苯酚与氯化苄的摩尔比为1∶1.15,对甲苯酚与NaOH的摩尔比为1∶1.2(均以0.1 mol对甲苯酚为基准),95%的乙醇用量为80 mL,95℃下微波辐射反应60 min。在此反应条件下,对甲苯基苄基醚的平均产率为92.4%。利用红外光谱分析、熔点测定和元素分析对产品进行了物性、组成和结构表征,表明合成物质确为目标产物。     

丙烯海松酸的合成研究

通过松香与丙烯酸的Diels-Alder加成反应制备了丙烯海松酸,考察了原料摩尔比对反应的影响。实验结果表明,随着丙烯酸用量的增加,产物的酸值和软化点逐步升高至不变;紫外光谱研究发现,随着丙烯酸用量的增长,枞酸型树脂酸相对含量下降,而海松酸型树脂酸的含量未见显著变化;气相色谱-质谱联用分析显示,在松香树脂酸与丙烯酸的加成反应中,树脂酸中的海松酸、异海松酸、脱氢枞酸等不参与反应,而长叶松酸、枞酸和新枞酸异构化为左旋海松酸,与丙烯酸发生加成反应;即使丙烯酸过量,长叶松酸和枞酸转化率最高也只可以达到91%和86%;研究还发现,加成产物丙烯海松酸有二种构造异构体,分别占丙烯海松酸量的20%和80%。     

Effect of bile acid feeding on hepatic steroid 12 α-hydroxylase activity in hamsters

The effects of feeding cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on the activity of the hepatic steroid 12α-hydroxylase, gallbladder bile acid composition, fecal neutral sterol output, cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis were determined in female hamsters. The 12α-hydroxylase activity was inhibited to 56% by cholic acid, to 62% by chenodeoxycholic acid, and to 78% by ursodeoxycholic acid compared with the control. Bile acid composition was altered by feeding of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid to be rich in the given bile acids. Fecal neutral sterol output increased about twice by feeding chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas cholic acid had no significant effect. Body cholesterol synthesis increased to 217% by chenodeoxycholic acid and to 274% by ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas effect of cholic acid was not significant. Bile acid synthesis was suppressed to 48% of control only by chenodeoxycholic acid. A positive correlation between the 12α-hydroxylase activity and the bile acid synthesis was observed in the control, chenodeoxycholatefed and ursodeoxycholate-fed animals. In conclusion, ursodeoxycholic acid might have less inhibitory effect on the steroid 12α-hydroxylase and the bile acid synthesis than chenodeoxycholic acid.     

Determination and Correlation of Solubility for D-Xylose in Volatile Fatty Acid Solvents

The solubility of D-xylose in formic acid and binary solvents of formic acid with formic acid and acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid or isobutyric acid was measured in the temperature range from 300.35 to 325.05 K using the synthetic method by a laser monitoring technique at atmospheric pressure. The solid-liquid equilibrium data will provide essential support for industrial design and further theoretical study. The experimental data show that the solubility of D-xylose in formic acid and in the mixtures of formic acid＋acetic acid （1︰1）, formic acid＋propionic acid （1︰1）, formic acid＋n-butyric acid （1︰1）, and formic acid＋isobutyric acid （1︰1） increases with temperature. The Apelblat equation, theλh model, and the ideal solution equation correlate the solubility data well.     

复合体系下磷酸和硫酸的萃取动力学

为了深入了解萃取过程的机理和动力学特征,采用了恒界面池法研究了复合体系下磷酸和硫酸的萃取动力学,分别考察了比界面积、初始水相中磷酸浓度、初始水相中硫酸浓度对磷酸、硫酸萃取速率的影响,并提出了60℃下硫酸-磷酸复合体系中萃取磷酸和硫酸的动力学方程。实验结果表明:磷酸和硫酸的萃取速率随着比界面积增大而减小,随着初始水相中磷酸浓度的升高而逐步增加;初始水相中硫酸浓度的增大也有利于提高磷酸和硫酸的萃取速率。并研究了在60℃硫酸-磷酸复合体系中,磷酸和硫酸的萃取动力学方程,并用工业原料磷酸对萃取动力学进行了验证,表明拟合所得的方程计算的磷酸和硫酸萃取速率和实际测得的值相近。     

Identification and Effects of Interaction Phytotoxic Compounds from Exudate of Cistus ladanifer Leaves

Eleven allelochemicals (ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, methyl propionate, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, butyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene) were identified in the exudate of Cistus ladanifer L. We studied the effect of each on germination, cotyledon emergence, root length, and cotyledon length of Rumex crispus. Three groups were distinguished with respect to phytotoxic activity: compounds with low activity (ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene), with intermediate activity (cinnamic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid), and with high activity (methyl propionate and butyric acid). The effect of the interaction of the compounds was studied. When acting conjointly, all combinations tested produced a more negative effect on both germination and seedling growth than when acting alone. The interaction affected cotyledon emergence and root length more negatively than germination and cotyledon length. When hydroxycinnamic acid and cinnamic acid were added to these mixtures there was an enhancement in the phytotoxic activity, accentuating the effect of the other allelochemicals.     

通过残酸离子浓度测定评价酸液性能

残酸离子分析是研究砂岩酸化反应过程及2次伤害的新方法。通过测定残酸中Si、Al、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Fe等离子浓度的变化,可评价酸液的缓速及抑制2次沉淀的性能,进一步优选酸液体系。实验评价了常规土酸、低浓度土酸、氟硅酸、氟硼酸、有机缓速酸5种酸液对大庆肇州油田州2井岩心的酸化效果,表明有机缓速酸、氟硅酸、氟硼酸与常规土酸相比具有一定的缓速作用,对地层伤害小,在实际应用中可作为砂岩缓速酸使用。     

Differential effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and ursocholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals in mice

The preventive effect of 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid (ursocholic acid) and ursodeoxycholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals was studied in mice. Cholesterol crystals developed with 80% incidence after feeding for five weeks a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. When 0.25% ursocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid was added to the lithogenic diet, the incidence as well as the grade (severity) of the gallstones were reduced. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were decreased by ursodeoxycholic acid but not by ursocholic acid. Gallbladder cholesterol and phospholipid levels were decreased by both bile acids. The biliary bile acid level was decreased by ursocholic acid but not by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, its level in the bile was about 25% and the levels of cholic acid and β-muricholic acid decreased. Fecal sterol excretion was not changed by ursocholic acid, but was increased by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and ursocholic acid increased. No differences were found between mice, with or without gallstones, in plasma and liver cholesterol levels, biliary phospholipid and bile acid levels, fecal sterol and bile acid levels, and biliary and fecal bile acid composition. The results suggest that the lower incidence of crystal formation after treatment with ursocholic acid is probably by a different mechanism than with ursodeoxycholic acid. In the mouse model, ursodeoxycholic acid exerts its effect at least partially, by decreasing cholesterol absorption. Ursocholic acid is well absorbed and excreted into bile and transformed into deoxycholic acid by the intestinal microflora in mice.     

化学—酶催化法制备D-谷氨酸与γ-氨基丁酸

用保加利亚乳杆菌制备L-谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）粗提物,通过化学消旋由L-谷氨酸制备DL-谷氨酸,用GAD催化DL-谷氨酸中的L-谷氨酸生成γ-氨基丁酸,利用等电点沉淀法获得D-谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸.     

钛白废酸高效高值利用工业实践

介绍了鲁北集团w（H2SO4）为20%左右钛白废酸的工业应用情况。钛白废酸经废酸预处理、与浓硫酸混配、冷却熟化、固液分离,得到w（H2SO4）为64%左右的净化酸用来萃取湿法磷酸。磷酸用于生产磷铵,副产磷钛石膏又用于制硫酸和水泥,滤渣进入硫铁矿制酸系统进行掺烧制硫酸。该工艺消除了资源化利用过程中副产品对下游产品的影响,实现了钛白废酸的高效、高值利用。     

硫酸与硝酸的异同点探讨

硫酸和硝酸都具备酸的通性,在化学反应中能够和碱以及碱性氧化物反应生成相应的水和盐,硫酸和硝酸都具有较强的氧化性,在化学工业中发挥着重要的作用。对硫酸和硝酸进行了相应的介绍,从多方面探讨了硫酸和硝酸的异同点,从而更好将硫酸和硝酸应用于化工行业中。