响应面法优化盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油微胶囊配方的研究

以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠(SSOS)和麦芽糊精(MD)为复合壁材对精炼后的鸡油脂进行喷雾干燥制作鸡油微胶囊。通过响应面分析法获得最佳制作配方为:SSOS∶MD为2.5∶1,壁材∶芯材比例为3∶1,混合液浓度为30%,制得微胶囊鸡油脂产品包埋率为94.65%。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对微胶囊化前后的鸡油进行结构分析,微胶囊化后的鸡油基本保持了鸡油原有的内部结构和特征风味。     

响应面试验优化盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油微胶囊化工艺

以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠和麦芽糊精为复合壁材对精炼过后的鸡油进行喷雾制作微胶囊鸡油。通过响应面分析法获得最佳微胶囊制作工艺条件为进风温度190 ℃、均质压力39 MPa、进样速率15 mL/min,最终微胶囊鸡油产品包埋率为95.9%。微胶囊鸡油呈规则球状,表明较光滑,减少了与外界接触的机会,减慢了氧化速率。产品经（60±1）℃加速氧化5 d后,过氧化值仅为对照样品的1/3,抗氧化效果明显。     

盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油脱酸工艺的研究

以盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油为原料,研究了卤汁分离鸡油的碱炼脱酸工艺过程,通过单因素和响应面设计试验,采用多元二次回归方程拟合确定了最佳的反应条件:超量碱0.13％,碱液浓度16.18％,碱炼温度49.26℃,碱炼时间20 min,搅拌速率90 r/min.采用上述脱色条件,所得盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油的酸价(AV)从3.68 mg KOH/g降至0.042 mg KOH/g.     

响应面法优化盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油脱色工艺的研究

以盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油为原料,研究了卤汁分离鸡油的脱色工艺过程,通过单因素和响应面设计实验,采用多元二次回归方程拟合确定了最佳的反应条件为:活性白土添加量8.31%,脱色时间20.6min,脱色温度90℃,搅拌速度150～200r/min。采用上述脱色条件,所得盐焗鸡卤汁分离鸡油的吸光值从3.109降至0.054,脱色率达到98.26%。      

不同卤制次数的盐焗鸡卤汁中的营养成分变化规律

对不同卤制次数的盐焗鸡卤汁中的蛋白质、脂肪、NaCl、总酸、总糖、游离氨基酸等成分进行分析。结果表明:随着卤制次数的增加,卤汁中蛋白质、脂肪、总酸以及游离氨基酸的含量不断上升,卤汁中NaCl和总糖含量则出现下降。卤制7次后,卤汁中蛋白质含量达到5.47%,总酸为1.42 g/kg,鸡油含量达到3.01%,并在卤汁表面形成较厚的一层浮油,NaCl和总糖则下降了50%左右,卤制6次后,卤汁中游离氨基酸总含量达到了321.75 mg/100 mL。     

盐鸡卤汁酶解工艺优化及氨基酸组成分析

为解决盐焗鸡多次卤制后卤汁的回收利用问题,采用动物复合蛋白酶对卤制7次后的盐焗鸡卤汁进行酶解。考察了酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间和pH等因素对盐焗鸡卤汁酶解效果的影响,通过响应面法对酶解工艺进行优化,并分析了水解后卤汁中的氨基酸组成。结果表明:酶法水解盐焗鸡卤汁最优工艺条件为酶用量12000 U,酶解温度48 ℃,酶解时间6 h,pH7.6,此条件下卤汁水解度为14.73%。酶解后卤汁中游离氨基酸种类达到30种,主要包含有8种人体必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和药效氨基酸。与酶解前相比,新增氨基酸5种,氨基酸总量增加了3.67倍,必需氨基酸含量增加了9.56倍。丰富了卤汁水解液的氨基酸组成,为其回收利用提供了基础。     

乙醇提取辣味鸡油中辣椒素工艺

以工业生产盐焗鸡的副产物--辣味鸡油为原料,研究乙醇提取辣椒素工艺。结果表明：辣椒素的最佳提取条件为以95%乙醇作为提取溶剂,70℃提取3h,料液比1:3(g/mL);一次提取的提取率可达51.44%,一次提取无法将辣味鸡油中的辣椒素提取完全,需要经过多次提取。通过方差分析,对提取率影响因素从大到小依次为：乙醇体积分数＞温度＞时间＞料液比。     

盐焗鸡翅贮存特性的研究

对盐焗鸡翅产品分别进行保鲜膜包装4℃贮存,真空包装4℃和37℃贮存,真空包装低温杀菌、4℃贮存以及真空包装半高温高压杀菌(115℃、0.175MPa、20min)、37℃贮存5种处理方式,研究盐焗鸡翅的贮存特性.结果表明,相同条件下,真空包装、低温贮存、低温杀菌效果明显,能减少盐焗鸡翅贮存期间腐败,延长保质期.半高温高压杀菌对盐焗鸡翅产品的组织结构影响较大,综合考虑,真空包装4℃贮存、低温杀菌(85℃,20min)方式是盐焗鸡翅产品较为理想的贮存条件.     

调味辣椒鸡油制备工艺的研究

通过研究料液比、浸泡时间和温度对辣椒油品质的影响,研究鸡油制备辣椒油的最佳工艺。运用单因素试验,对调味辣椒鸡油中辣椒素和二氢辣椒素进行测定,得出辣椒油制作的最佳工艺条件。结果显示,调味辣椒鸡油制作的最优加工条件为,料液比为1∶6(g/mL),鸡油温度160℃,浸泡时间为12 h。此条件下辣椒油品质达到理想状态,研究为企业生产提供指导意义,同时进一步加强对动物油脂和辣椒的综合研究。     

盐焗鸡微波干燥特性及数学模型

为了探讨盐焗鸡微波干燥过程中水分变化规律,通过测定盐焗鸡在不同微波功率条件下的干燥水分比（moisture ratio,MR）和温度变化,并与国内外常用的10 种干燥数学模型进行拟合,结合模型的相关系数（R2）、均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）以及卡方（χ2）对模型拟合优劣进行评判,从而确定出最佳的干燥模型。结果表明：Wang and Singh模型能够很好地反映盐焗鸡的微波干燥规律。     

魔芋精粉水膨化膨化度指标的确定和测定方法

从魔芋精粉水膨化处理的特点出发，认为采用体积膨胀比作为其膨化处理的膨化度指标是合适的和可行的，并利用体积相似理论设计了测定魔芋精粉膨化溶胶体积的简便方法，是研究魔芋精粉膨化特性的基础。     

原料鲜度对海米品质的影响

对不同鲜度立虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)加工制得海米的品质差异的研究表明:原料鲜度对海米品质影响较大,鲜度较差的原料制得的海米色泽暗,口感偏咸和苦,弹性显著下降,氨基酸总量降低,其中谷氨酸含量明显降低,从8.46g/100g降到0.75g/100g;生物胺中腐胺和尸胺变化较明显,分别从7.35、6.8mg/kg增加到28.69、34.97mg/kg.研究为海米品质评定体系制定提供了参考.     

真空包装腌笃鲜的制作工艺

腌笃鲜是苏浙沪长三角地区在春季春笋上市时非常喜欢的时令家常汤肴,几乎是家家经常食用的桌上之菜,同时也是许多餐馆的招牌菜.但在家里烧煮比较麻烦,需要慢火煮2h以上,并且春笋上市的时间很短,一般只能维持约一个月时间,而全年的其它时间只能想念它的美味.根据腌笃鲜的特点运用现代制作工艺,使腌笃鲜能够一年四季品尝且食用方便.下面介绍真空包装腌笃鲜的制作工艺.     

板鸡加工技术

探讨了板鸡加工的方法及影响因素。结果表明，采用４．０％的食盐、４．５％的复合香辛料和１．０％～１．５％的蔗糖，在４～１０℃腌制１８～２４ｈ，然后在５５～６０℃下烘干１０～１５ｈ，最后再风干发酵一周左右，即可制成咸淡适宜、腊香浓厚、组织状态和口感俱佳、贮藏性良好的板鸡制品。     

By-products from herbs essential oil production as ingredient in marinade for turkey thighs

Herb decoctions—the aqueous extract of rosemary, sage and thyme, left as by-product after steam distillation of essential oils, were investigated as a source of antioxidants in marinades for turkey thigh meat. Lipid oxidation after marinating, cooking and chill storage (warmed over flavour, WOF) was assessed by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), GC-MS and sensory judgement on marinated and untreated meat. Results showed that marinating with herb decoctions, which exerted antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging), was an effective means of retarding lipid oxidation in raw and cooked meat. Meat from the rosemary marinade had the lowest TBARS values and volatile levels, while the control samples showed the highest values throughout the marinating, cooking and storage period. Oxidative changes in meat marinated with thyme and sage were significantly more advanced than in meat marinated with rosemary decoction. The partial least squares regression (PLS-R) showed that control samples were strongly related to the oxidation variables (volatiles, TBARS, rancidity) while the marinated meat had high scores for spicy and acidic odour and flavour. Results indicated that antioxidants contained in herb decoction, could be exploited in marinades to prevent rancidity in stored, heat-treated turkey meat products.     

Process optimization and consumer acceptability of salted ground beef patties cooked and held hot in flavored marinade

Food safety is paramount for cooking hamburger. The center must reach 71 °C (or 68 °C for 15 s) to assure destruction of E. coli O157:H7 and other food pathogens. This is difficult to achieve during grilling or frying of thick burgers without overcooking the surface. Thus, the feasibility of partially or completely cooking frozen patties in liquid (93 °C water) together with hot holding in liquid was investigated. Initial studies demonstrated that compared to frying, liquid cooking decreased (P < 0.05) patty diameter (98 compared with 93 mm) and increased (P < 0.05) thickness (18.1 compared with 15.6 mm). Liquid cooked patties had greater weight loss (P < 0.05) immediately after cooking (29 compared with 21%), but reabsorbed moisture and were not different from fried patties after 1 h hot water holding (61 °C). Protein and fat content were not affected by cooking method. However, liquid cooked patties were rated lower (P < 0.05) than fried patties for appearance (5.7 compared with 7.5) and flavor (5.9 compared with 7.5). An 8-member focus group then evaluated methods to improve both appearance and flavor. Salted, grill-marked patties were preferred, and caramel coloring was needed in the marinade to obtain acceptable flavor and color during liquid cooking or hot holding. Patties with 0.75% salt that were grill-marked and then finish-cooked in hot marinade (0.75% salt, 0.3% caramel color) were rated acceptable (P < 0.05) by consumers for up to 4 h hot holding in marinade, with mean hedonic panel ratings > 7.0 (like moderately) for appearance, juiciness, flavor, and texture. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Grill-marked and marinade-cooked ground beef patties reached a safe internal cooking temperature without overcooking the surface. Burgers cooked using this method maintained high consumer acceptability right after cooking and for up to 4 h of hot holding. Consumers and foodservice operations could use this method without specialized equipment, and instead use inexpensive and common equipment such as a soup pot or a restaurant steam table. Use of marinades (salt/caramel color or others) in this cooking and holding method provides a nearly endless culinary flavoring opportunity.     

干腌盐量对南京盐水鸭特征风味成分的影响

为研究干腌食盐用量对南京盐水鸭特征风味的影响,采用固相微萃取-气质联用法(SPME-CG-MS)测定挥发性风味物质,以市售盐水鸭为对照,结合气味活度值(OAV)确定南京盐水鸭特征风味成分,采用PCA法分析干腌盐量(4%、6%、8%,W/W)与盐水鸭特征风味物质间的相关性。结果表明,南京盐水鸭的特征风味物质为戊醛、1-己醇、己醛、甲酸乙酯、2-庚酮、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2,3-辛二酮、1-辛醇、辛醛、壬醛、2-辛烯醛、2,4-壬二烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、2-戊基呋喃共15种。随着干腌盐量的提高,盐水鸭特征风味物质的含量有显著增加。4%盐量不利于盐水鸭特征风味的形成,与6%盐量盐水鸭相关性较高的特征风味物质有甲酸乙酯、庚醛、2,4-壬二烯醛,与8%盐量盐水鸭相关性较高的特征风味物质有1-辛醇、壬醛。该结果可为传统盐水鸭制品的低盐化及风味稳定化提供依据和参考。