TA2板料激光热应力弯曲成形 及其力学性能研究

用HVS-1000显微硬度测试仪、X-350A型X射线应力测定仪,以2.5 kW SM2000SM快轴流CO2激光器对0.6 mm厚的TA2板料进行扫描,按照正交试验理论安排成形工艺参数,研究了TA2板料弯曲成形时主要工艺参数对弯曲角度的影响,以及试样表面残余应力的分布和试样断面上的显微硬度变化。结果表明：正交试验中的4个工艺参数的作用是不同的,按其变化对弯曲变形量影响的大小排序,依次是扫描次数、光斑直径、激光束功率、扫描速度;成形参数对试样表面的残余应力分布也存在一定的影响;试样变形区断面上的显微硬度变化呈现出一定的规律。     

基于粉末成形的激光增材制造陶瓷技术研究进展

陶瓷以其优异的热物理化学性能在航空航天、能源、环保以及生物医疗等领域具有极大的应用潜力。随着这些领域相关技术的快速发展, 其核心零件部件外形结构设计日益复杂、内部组织逐步走向定制化、梯度化。陶瓷具有硬度高、脆性大等特点, 较难通过传统的加工成形方法实现异形结构零件的制造, 最终限制了陶瓷材料的工程应用范围。激光增材制造技术作为一种快速发展的增材制造技术, 在复杂精密陶瓷零部件的制造中具有显著优势: 无模、精度高、响应快以及周期短, 同时能够实现陶瓷零件组织结构灵活调配, 有望解决上述异形结构陶瓷零件成形问题。本文综述了多种基于粉末成形的激光增材制造陶瓷技术: 基于粉末床熔融的激光选区烧结和激光选区熔化; 基于定向能量沉积的激光近净成形技术。主要讨论了各类激光增材陶瓷技术的成形原理与特点, 综述了激光选区烧结技术中陶瓷坯体后处理致密化工艺以及激光选区熔化和激光近净成形技术这两种技术中所打印陶瓷坯体基体裂纹开裂行为分析及其控制方法的研究进展, 对比分析了激光选区烧结、激光选区熔化以及激光近净成形技术在成形陶瓷零件的技术特征, 最后展望了激光增材制造陶瓷技术的未来发展趋势。     

基于激光冲击强化改善增材制造零件残余应力的自动化控制方法

针对金属激光直接沉积增材制造零件产生的残余应力,采用激光冲击强化技术冲击零件表面,有效改善材料的微观组织,提高力学性能,减少或延迟裂纹的形成和扩展,提高金属材料的疲劳寿命、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。通过搭建由机器人、激光器、光路系统、约束层系统组成的自动化激光冲击强化系统,采用离线编程、加工环境仿真、系统集成控制等方法,并将光路系统置于真空环境中,安全高效地解决了多种零件表面的激光冲击强化工艺过程。     

金属粉末激光快速成形的工艺及材料成形性

对比了3类金属粉末激光快速成形工艺:选区激光烧结;选区激光重熔,或称选区激光熔覆;以及直接激光沉积,或称激光净成形.提出了其分类依据是金属粉末与激光的作用机制,以及由此导致的金属粉末激光成形机理.综述了上述3类激光快速成形工艺的成形原理、成形材料及工艺优劣,分析了"球化"效应、翘曲变形、以及裂纹等对金属粉末激光成形性的影响规律及相应解决措施.     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接头疲劳性能研究

研究了TC4钛合金薄板母材及其激光焊接头的拉伸和疲劳性能.结果表明:与母材相比激光焊接头的强度升高,延伸率下降;拉伸试样均断在母材.激光焊接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,而在高应力水平时低于母材.在疲劳扩展区,母材为韧性穿晶断裂,熔合区则呈现出韧性和脆性相混合的断裂形貌;在瞬断区,母材由等轴韧窝组成,而熔合区主要为粗大的穿晶解理平面.     

金属激光3D打印过程数值模拟应用及研究现状

数值模拟可以高效、有针对性地对金属激光选区熔化成型过程中的温度场、熔池形状、残余应力和变形、凝固过程微观组织演变等过程建立相应的模型并对成形件的相关性能做出准确预测,为工艺优化提供科学的依据,显著降低工艺开发成本和缩短工艺开发周期,有力推动金属增材制造向工业级应用的转变。本文综述了金属激光增材制造过程中温度场、熔池动力学、成形件内部残余应力和变形、显微组织变化4个方面数值模拟的最新研究进展,概述了金属SLM过程数值模拟所取得的最新进展,分析了金属SLM数值模拟领域的研究热点和所存在的计算时间长、成本高等问题,最后提出金属SLM过程数值模拟应将3D打印过程中快速凝固、微熔池等特征与大数据、人工智能、深度学习等技术相结合,进一步提高数值模拟精度,拓宽金属激光增材制造加工窗口,为个性化产品开发提供指导。     

A thermal stress and failure model for laser cutting and forming operations

A transient, full three-dimensional mathematical model that describes the ablation phenomena, the thermal stress evolution, and the failure process that occur during laser cutting or forming operations on ceramic plates is developed. The model development is based on the finite element simulation of thermal field and stress development during laser cutting or forming operations. To treat the ablation phenomena during laser cutting, a fixed-grid algorithm is applied to handle complex ablation geometries with discontinuities. This algorithm is essential for applications to multiple-laser cutting operations. The thermal and stress evolution model is further integrated with a probabilistic fracture model to assess the failure probability during both laser cutting and forming processes. Numerical results show that the groove shapes as well as the temperature and stress distributions are similar in front of the cutting laser for both single and dual lasers but differ in the region when the lead laser becomes effective in dual-beam machining.     

A Comparison between Direct and Indirect Laser Sintering of Metals

Layer manufacture technologies are gaining increasing attention in the manufacturing for the production of polymer mould tooling. Layer manufacture techniques can be used in this potential manufacturing area to produce tooling either indirectly or directly, and powder metal based layer manufacture systems are considered as an effective way of producing rapid tooling. Mechanical properties and accuracy are critical for tooling. This paper reports the results of an experimental study examining the potential of layer manufacturing processes to deliver production tooling for polymer manufacture. A comparison between indirectly selective laser sintering and directly selective laser sintering to provide the tooling was reported. Three main areas were addressed during the study： mechanical strength, accuracy, and build rate. Overviews of the results from the studies were presented.     

Manufacturing Residual Stress States in Heat Treatment Simulation of Bearing Rings

Residual stresses generated in the different steps of a manufacturing chain are attached great importance to the distortion due to heat treatment. Because the measurement of residual stress states is associated with large experimental work, the use of simulation would be qualified for the examination of the influence of manufacturing residual stresses on distortion. Due to this reason, a simple method for generating realistic residual stress states by the use of artificial thermal strain in a pre‐simulation step is presented. By changing the thermal strain distributions a wide range of residual stress distributions in a component can be generated. A typical residual stress distribution after machining was generated in a bearing ring. The calculated residual stress profile was in good agreement compared to XRD‐measurement. In a second simulation step the local development of stress relieving during heating was observed. Stress relieving can be attributed to local plastic deformation and rearrangement of stresses.     

激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展

激光增材制造技术成形的制件具有自由度大、精度高、质量和性能好等优势,随着该技术的日益发展,其在不锈钢材料领域取得了显著的进展。激光增材制造技术成形不锈钢通常呈现出与传统制备工艺显著不同的非平衡凝固组织,表现出复杂的结构特征,而这些特征决定了合金的性能和应用。介绍了激光熔化沉积和选区激光熔化两种激光增材制造技术,选择典型的316L不锈钢及17-4PH不锈钢,综述了激光增材制造不锈钢凝固组织特征的研究现状,重点关注典型多尺度、层次性的组织结构（包括晶粒、宏观缺陷、熔池组织、胞状亚结构、氧化物夹杂等）。系统分析了激光增材制造不锈钢的组织调控方法,包括调整工艺参数、改变工艺环境及热处理等方式,通过组织调控能够影响晶粒的生长及熔池反应,进一步改善其内部微观组织,如形成间隙固溶体或颗粒夹杂物、细化晶粒及消除孔隙等,同时能促进不同相的析出和转变。通过合理地调控凝固组织,能够显著改善不锈钢的组织及机械性能。最后,对激光增材制造不锈钢的未来发展进行了展望。     

Study on a Thermal-diffusivity Standard for Laser Flash Method Measurements

The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) of AIST has been studying the laser flash method in order to establish an SI traceable thermal- diffusivity standard. Key technologies have been developed to reduce the uncertainty in laser flash measurements. In the present study, an uncertainty evaluation has been carried out on the laser flash measurement method in order to determine the thermal diffusivity value of IG-110, a grade of isotropic high-density graphite, as a candidate reference material. The thermal diffusivity measured by the laser flash method is derived from a specimen thickness and a heat diffusion time. And a laser flash measurement is carried out at a given temperature. The measurement system is composed of three sections corresponding to each measured quantity: length, time, and temperature. Therefore, we checked and calibrated our measurement system, and estimated the uncertainty of measurement results for the case of a grade of isotropic graphite.Paper presented at the Seventeenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 5–8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.     

Proposed life prediction model for laser-formed high-strength low-alloy curved components

Techniques employed for material processing using laser technology are progressing at a rapid pace. One such technique is that of forming sheet metal plates. This high‐intensity localized heating process allows for forming of metallic sheet materials without the need for expensive tools and dies or any mechanical assistance. The fundamental mechanisms related to this process are reasonably well understood and documented but there remain areas that require further research and development. One such area is the fatigue behaviour of sheet materials manufactured by this novel process. Hence, the proceeds of this paper deal with fatigue life prediction of sheet metal components laser‐formed to a radius with a curvature of approximately 120 mm. The approach to this proposed model considers the mean stress relationship as given by Gerber and a prediction model derived from combining the aspects of life prediction models according to Collins and Juvinall & Marshek.     

激光熔覆制备金属表面非晶涂层研究进展

本文简要介绍非晶合金的结构和性能,以及传统制备块体非晶合金方法的局限性。结合激光熔覆技术的特性,重点综述在金属材料基体表面上利用激光熔覆技术制备Fe基、Zr基、Ni基、Cu基和其他非晶涂层的研究现状,以及激光制备工艺参数、微合金化元素种类和含量、增强相等因素对激光熔覆非晶涂层的影响。最后,指出利用激光熔覆技术制备非晶涂层的成分设计和控制、激光熔覆工艺的设计和优化、激光熔覆非晶涂层的基础理论研究等方面存在的主要问题和今后的发展方向。     

激光表面改性技术及其研究进展

激光表面改性技术是表面工程中的先进技术之一,其在先进制造与再制造领域的应用备受关注。本文概述了激光表面改性技术中的激光相变硬化、激光熔凝硬化、激光冲击硬化、激光合金化、激光熔覆等,介绍了以上几种激光表面改性技术的研究现状,最后对激光表面改性技术的发展与工程应用的前景进行了展望。     

金属材料表面改性技术的研究进展

金属材料表面改性技术是一门新兴的技术,主要包括激光表面改性、离子注入法、物理气相沉积法和热喷涂等,简述了该4种技术的研究和发展现状,对各种技术的原理和应用状况分别加以描述,最后总结了材料表面改性技术的发展前景。     

渐进成形A3003铝板减薄带分析及数值模拟研究

研究渐进成形过程中板料减薄带的变化,可以提供合理的加工参数,提高板料的成形性能和加工利用率,减少零件破裂失效.基于渐进成形过程中金属板料轮廓的变化与理想情况下轮廓的区别,对渐进成形初始成形阶段A3003铝板减薄带的产生原因和剪切力的变化过程进行了理论分析,并通过有限元模拟分别从未变形区金属板料的长度和强度两个角度对板料渐进成形过程中未变形区下沉的影响,以及成形角度和杨氏模量对变形区回弹的影响两个方面,对减薄带的产生原因进行研究.结果表明:板料未变形区的下沉和变形区的回弹使板料在初始加工阶段形成一段平缓区域,工具头在平缓区域的变形性质发生了变化,平缓区域发生剪切变形导致了板料在初始加工阶段形成了减薄带;渐进成形时减小板料未变形区的长度,增大板料与垂直方向的角度可以一定程度上阻碍减薄带的产生,模拟结果与理论分析相符合.     

含圆形埋藏裂纹金属构件电磁热止裂时应变能密度分析

对带有圆形埋藏裂纹金属构件在脉冲放电瞬间的应变能密度进行了理论分析。在求解过程中,以张开型裂纹为例,应用了热传导、非定常热应力及汉克尔变换等理论知识,得出了含埋藏圆片裂纹在脉冲放电瞬间的温度场理论公式、热应力场公式和应变能密度公式。由热应力场公式和应变能密度公式可知,放电瞬间电磁热在裂纹尖端形成热压应力场,热压应力对金属构件做负功,减小了拉应力对构件的破坏程度,放电后构件的应变能密度降低了。以Cr12MoV模具钢中埋藏圆裂纹止裂为例,具体计算了脉冲放电前后不同拉应力作用下的应变能密度变化情况,为空间裂纹电磁热止裂技术的实际应用提供了理论基础。     

激光熔敷钴合金涂层的抗空蚀和冲刷磨损性能

采用激光熔敷方法在20SiMn低合金钢表面制成了Co合金涂层，以两种目前水轮机转用材20SiMn低合金钢和0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢作为对比材料，对涂层进行了空蚀，液固两相流冲刷磨损及空蚀和冲刷磨损联合作用实验，采用失重法并结合能谱分析，X射线衍射分析及显微硬度测量等手段研究了涂层的显微结构和在不同形式损伤下涂层的性能并分析了原因。结果表明：在20SiMn低合金钢表面激光熔敷形成的Co合金涂层有良好的抗空蚀性能，这与涂层在空蚀过程中发生的应力诱发马氏体相变密切相关。良好的抗空蚀性能有利于提高涂层抗空蚀和冲刷磨损联合破坏，从而使涂层表现出与0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢接近的抗联合损伤性能。     

不同基板预热温度对激光金属沉积成形过程温度场的影响

为降低成形过程的热应力,抑制成形过程裂缝的产生,减小成形过程试样和基板的翘曲变形,激光金属沉积成形往往需要进行基板预热,因此研究不同基板预热温度对激光金属沉积成形过程温度场的影响具有非常重要的意义．根据有限元分析中的“单元生死”技术,利用APDL编程建立了基板预热对激光金属沉积成形过程温度场影响的三维多道多层数值模拟模型,详细分析了基板未预热和分别预热到200,300,400,500,600 ℃时对沉积成形过程温度场和温度梯度的影响．通过中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所自行研制的激光金属沉积成形系统和基板预热系统,在与模拟过程相同的参数下,利用镍基合金粉末在基板未预热和分别预热到300,400,500,560 ℃时进行了成形试验,试验结果跟数值模拟结果吻合较好．     

Determination of Residual Stresses by Thermal Relaxation and Speckle Correlation Interferometry

ABSTRACT:  A new technique for the measurement of residual stresses is presented. The technique is based on strain measurements following thermal stress relaxation. The heat input is supplied by a low power infrared laser and the strain is measured with speckle pattern correlation interferometry. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the technique and an example of how it has been applied in a practical situation.