Practical Problems in Jet Dyeing

Experts on jet dyeing and jet-dyeing machines provide details of their practical studies and experiences over a wide range of types and qualities of fabrics. Some comparison is made with conventional winch dyeing from the viewpoint of problem-solving. Attention is drawn to such factors in jet dyeing as loading, rope length, fabric packing, liquor:goods ratios, entanglement, running speed, fabric distortion, avoidance of fabric damage, heating and cooling, and selection of dyes and auxiliaries. The shortcomings of jet machines are detailed. It is agreed that choice of machine from the many available for any given range of fabrics, particularly lightweight qualities, is extremely difficult and requires extensive practical study. The jet-dyeing system is considered to be a very useful contribution to the dyeing industry.     

世界染料与染整工艺科技创新

根据染料母体的生物相容性论述了非诱变性染料和仿生染料在纺织纤维着色中的发展方向;论述了实现高固色率活性染料的有效途径以及通过交联染色方法实现染料与纤维近100％化学结合的可行性;介绍了环境友好染色新工艺,活性染料无盐染色,还原染料和硫化染料生化法还原或电还原法染色,非水溶剂染色以及喷墨印染技术。     

Developments in Jet Dyeing

This paper is not intended to review the very considerable number of jet-dyeing machines developed in the last six years and currently being offered by numerous manufacturers from all parts of the world. Rather, it is an attempt to assess the major designs available and consider their relative merits and demerits. At least one machine, representative of each different type, has been evaluated at Spondon or in Europe under commercial conditions. These trials have been carried out on a wide range of fabrics including both woven and knitted goods. The effect of fabric construction, fabric weight and yarn content has also been examined. The yarns used in these fabrics have included flat and textured polyester, flat and textured Tricel*, Tricelon*, Dicel*, Dicelon*. Courtelle*. nylon, cotton and various cellulosic blends.     

炼铁用耐火材料的现状及发展趋势

耐火材料工业与钢铁生产密切相关,虽然钢铁工业用耐火材料消耗不断减少,但是随着世界钢铁产量的逐步提高,今后对耐火材料的需求也会不断增加,20世纪50年代,世界钢产量增加10%,在过去的10年里,耐火材料的应用有所变化,不定形耐火材料的用量增加,这主要取决于新技术的运用,例如;采用泵送,喷补/喷枪技术。     

世界石油石化业当前宏观形势与未来发展趋势

分析了世界石油石化业当前的宏观形势,指出存在着大宗石油石化品生产消费重心东移、市场回暖、产业结构调整继续深入进行、酝酿着新的技术突破、可持续发展越来越受到关注等5个方面的特点。同时,提出了世界石油石化业未来发展的8个趋势。     

Biodiesel: Current Trends and Properties

Biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel, is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats. Several current issues affecting biodiesel that are briefly discussed include the role of new feedstocks in meeting increased demand for biodiesel and circumventing the food versus fuel issue, biodiesel production, as well as fuel properties and their improvement.     

煤基喷气燃料发展动态

综述美国煤基喷气燃料的发展动态,包括煤基喷气燃料组成、生产工艺和性能等。阐述我国研究煤基喷气燃料的必要性、可行性及可能需要的研究手段。     

玻璃的发展历程及未来趋势(连载一)

阐述国内外玻璃的发展史,指出玻璃可分为古玻璃、传统玻璃、新玻璃和未来玻璃,今后要按照低碳经济、绿色可持续的方向发展。玻璃有悠久的历史,要研究玻璃必须要了解玻璃内涵和发展历程,以史为鉴探讨今后的趋势。     

玻璃的发展历程及未来趋势(连载二)

阐述国内外玻璃的发展史,指出玻璃可分为古玻璃、传统玻璃、新玻璃和未来玻璃,今后要按照低碳经济、绿色可持续的方向发展。玻璃有悠久的历史,要研究玻璃必须要了解玻璃内涵和发展历程,以史为鉴探讨今后的趋势。     

光电信息功能材料研究进展和应用前景

１前言新材料的研制关系到一个国家的科学技术和生产力的发展,是国家经济发展的基础。世界各国都把新材料的研制列入国家重点研究计划。而本世纪处于由电子时代向光电子时代过渡的阶段,即光电子时代。光电功能材料既有电子材料的稳定性,又具有光子材料的先进性,将在光电子时代被广泛采用,有极大的市场前景。二十一世纪又是信息高度发达的社会,而支持信息发展的基础也是光电功能材料的研究与开发。２光电和信息功能材料的热点研究领域２．１纳米复合光电转换材料纳米复合光电转换材料是近几年发展十分迅速的领域之一。太阳能是取之不尽…     

Carabidae Semiochemistry: Current and Future Directions

Ground beetles (Carabidae) are recognized for their diverse, chemically-mediated defensive behaviors. Produced using a pair of pygidial glands, over 250 chemical constituents have been characterized across the family thus far, many of which are considered allomones. Over the past century, our knowledge of Carabidae exocrine chemistry has increased substantially, yet the role of these defensive compounds in mediating behavior other than repelling predators is largely unknown. It is also unclear whether non-defensive compounds produced by ground beetles mediate conspecific and heterospecific interactions, such as sex-aggregation pheromones or kairomones, respectively. Here we review the current state of non-exocrine Carabidae semiochemistry and behavioral research, discuss the importance of semiochemical research including but not limited to allomones, and describe next-generation methods for elucidating the underlying genetics and evolution of chemically-mediated behavior.     

Research and Development in Drying: Recent Trends and Future Prospects

Drying R&D has seen nearly exponential growth over the past three decades. Initially driven by the need to conserve energy in this highly energy-intensive operation found in almost all industrial sectors, now the focus is on product quality, environmental impact, safety issues, new products, and processes etc. Drying provides challenging areas for multi- and cross-disciplinary research of fundamental as well as applied nature coupling transport phenomena with material science. An attempt will be made to summarize the new developments in drying technologies, identify recent trends and make predictions about the future trends that may be expected. Also, personal perspectives on models of research appropriate for drying technology will be presented. The need for industry-academia interaction and for a stake of industry in academic research is noted as a key step towards successful transfer of innovative drying technologies to industry. Finally, the weaknesses of the currently popular “closed loop” approach of research in academia, by academia and for academia, resulting on over-emphasis on “high impact-factor” rather than “high impact research” will be discussed. It is hoped that future IDS meetings will increase industry participation by enhancing their impact on industrial adoption of newer more efficient drying technologies. It is essential to make it a worthwhile—even essential—exercise for industry to participate in these meetings.     

The Tetragonal-Monoclinic Transformation in Zirconia: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

Zirconia ceramics have found broad applications in a variety of energy and biomedical applications because of their unusual combination of strength, fracture toughness, ionic conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. These attractive characteristics are largely associated with the stabilization of the tetragonal and cubic phases through alloying with aliovalent ions. The large concentration of vacancies introduced to charge compensate of the aliovalent alloying is responsible for both the exceptionally high ionic conductivity and the unusually low, and temperature independent, thermal conductivity. The high fracture toughness exhibited by many of zirconia ceramics is attributed to the constraint of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation and its release during crack propagation. In other zirconia ceramics containing the tetragonal phase, the high fracture toughness is associated with ferroelastic domain switching. However, many of these attractive features of zirconia, especially fracture toughness and strength, are compromised after prolonged exposure to water vapor at intermediate temperatures (∼30°–300°C) in a process referred to as low-temperature degradation (LTD), and initially identified over two decades ago. This is particularly so for zirconia in biomedical applications, such as hip implants and dental restorations. Less well substantiated is the possibility that the same process can also occur in zirconia used in other applications, for instance, zirconia thermal barrier coatings after long exposure at high temperature. Based on experience with the failure of zirconia femoral heads, as well as studies of LTD, it is shown that many of the problems of LTD can be mitigated by the appropriate choice of alloying and/or process control.     

碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄学的方法和发展趋势

通过文献调研,将碎屑锆石年代学的发展做了简单介绍,同时整理了同位素稀释-热电离质谱、二次离子质谱以及激光剥蚀等离子质谱等仪器的优劣特点,以及碎屑锆石分析实验中遇到的问题:1)需要进行的分析数量;2)应如何选择晶粒进行分析。对这两问题的解决方案给出了一定的意见。最后对碎屑锆石年龄学发展趋势进行了综述。