国民经济系统消费跟踪控制理论

本文提出一种新的经济系统思想——国民经济系统消费跟踪控制理论。这一理论是建立在现代控制理论、投入产出技木和社会主义经济原理基础之上的。笔者试图据此解决宏观经济计划中最基本的问题,诸如如何安排消费和投资的比例等。对该理论以及模型的应用,本文进行了详细的讨论并举例作了说明。     

基于ANFIS的千瓦级PEMFC温度辨识

质子膜燃料电池（PEMFC）工作被认为是21世纪最有希望的绿色发电技术,其原理涉及热力学、电化学、流体力学、传质学等理论,形成一个非线性复杂系统,难以建立数学模型.因此,该文利用模糊逻辑系统和人工神经网络具有为非线性系统建模的较强的逼近能力以及自学习能力,采用了自适应神经模糊算法,建立PEMFC温度特性模型;利用测试数据作为训练样本,在氢气压力给定的条件下,以空气（或氧气）压力和冷却水作温度为模型的输入量,电池的工作温度为输出量,建立了三种不同PEMFC温度特性模型.表明该方法具有简单、可行、精度高等优点.并为PEMFC控制系统的设计和电池性能的优化提供了基本依据.     

浅谈汉字字体设计与表现

随着经济与文化水平的迅猛提升,我国与世界的交流合作正在向全方位、立体化的态势发展。汉字作为中华民族文化的载体也在社会发展过程中不断创新与完善。设计者如何在原有字体的基础上发挥自身的才智及潜能去总结各种形式法则和变化规律,创造独具特色的视觉传达风格,丰富和增强字体形式的表现力及影响力成为我们不得不思考的问题。     

Optimal control of a two-class national economic model

In this paper we extend the one-sector national economic system modelled on the basis of the cyclical growth theory developed by Bergstrom (1967) into a two-class model. This is done by combining and extending the model developed by Pasinetti (1962), Hu (1073), Ahmed and Yeo (1970) and Yeo and Teo (1976). The following economic factors—(i) profit margin, (ii) interest rates, (iii) monetary policy, and (iv) rate of increase of wages—arc considered as control variables. Based on this two-class model and its control variables, the objective of the economy is to maximize the sum of total consumption over a given planning period. The Pontryagin Maximum Principle is used to obtain the forms of the optimal controls. For illustrative purposes, numerical examples are solved using the computer programme of Moore and Too (private communication).     

Controllability in Policy Games: Policy Neutrality and the Theory of Economic Policy Revisited

Issues of policy effectiveness and policy neutrality are widespread in the economic literature. They have been raised in a number of specific contexts over the past 20 years, most notably with reference to monetary policy. However, the general conditions which ensure the non-neutrality of any or all the policy instruments available to a policymaker in a strategic context still remain to be derived. To do that, this paper provides a generalization of the classical theory of economic policy developed by Tinbergen, Theil and others to a strategic environment. Computational algorithms, so that neutrality and controllability can be tested in practice, are given. We show that many of the standard policy neutrality propositions of monetary theory and in wage bargaining models then drop out as special cases of our encompassing approach but with much simpler interpretations. JEL Classifications System: C72E52E61.     

Moral equivalents of greed

The author considers James’ (1910) essay The Moral Equivalent of War and applies some of its ideas to another pressing problem of our times, which for short is called greed, but can be described more precisely as the working out of the possessive market society under the conditions of neoliberalism and great technological power. James considered that pacifists had the best arguments, but failed to persuade mainstream society. The same can be said today of the critics of neoliberalism. There is need for radical change away from an unjust and dysfunctional economic system, but mainstream society is unwilling to try new ideas. The present author adapts James’ idea and considers benign and malign forms of greed. What we all desire, more than huge monetary assets, is self-respect and social respect. There are already many rewards that are not primarily monetary. In a radically different culture, which rejected the principles of unlimited accumulation and almost unlimited convertibility, benign rewards would motivate constructive activity. The moral equivalents of greed briefly discussed here are—Honours and prizes for merit (administered justly); Celebrity (important in society); Luck (gambling, with certain constraints, could be benign); Power (rewarding in itself, so large monetary gain need not go with it); Services (people making important contributions to society could concentrate their commitment); Temporary custody of public treasures (a privilege prized by some). The essay ends by linking James’ idea, the Faustian bargain myth, and the necessity of hope.     

Network thermodynamics and complexity: a transition to relational systems theory.

Most systems of interest in today's world are highly structured and highly interactive. They cannot be reduced to simple components without losing a great deal of their system identity. Network thermodynamics is a marriage of classical and non-equilibrium thermodynamics along with network theory and kinetics to provide a practical framework for handling these systems. The ultimate result of any network thermodynamic model is still a set of state vector equations. But these equations are built in a new informative way so that information about the organization of the system is identifiable in the structure of the equations. The domain of network thermodynamics is all of physical systems theory. By using the powerful circuit simulator, the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE), as a general systems simulator, any highly non-linear stiff system can be simulated. Furthermore, the theoretical findings of network thermodynamics are important new contributions. The contribution of a metric structure to thermodynamics compliments and goes beyond other recent work in this area. The application of topological reasoning through Tellegen's theorem shows that a mathematical structure exists into which all physical systems can be represented canonically. The old results in non-equilibrium thermodynamics due to Onsager can be reinterpreted and extended using these new, more holistic concepts about systems. Some examples are given. These are but a few of the many applications of network thermodynamics that have been proven to extend our capacity for handling the highly interactive, non-linear systems that populate both biology and chemistry. The presentation is carried out in the context of the recent growth of the field of complexity science. In particular, the context used for this discussion derives from the work of the mathematical biologist, Robert Rosen.     

基于改进型BP网络辨识的燃料电池建模

质子膜燃料电池（PEMFC）工作原理涉及热力学、电化学、流体力学、传质学等理论,形成一个非线性复杂系统,难以建立数学模型.因此,该文利用人工神经网络具有为非线性系统建模的较强的逼近能力以及自学习能力,采用了改进型反向传播网络（BP）方法,建立PEMFC电特性模型;利用150组试验数据作为训练样本,在氢气供给满足的条件下,以空气（或氧气）流速和电池工作温度为模型的输入量,电池的电压、电流密度为输出量,建立了在不同工作温度下的PEMFC电特性模型.表明该方法具有简单、可行、精度高等优点.通过对模型输出曲线仿真的结果分析,对PEMFC控制系统的设计和电池性能的优化提供了基本依据,具有实际意义.     

开放实现与计算反射技术综述

1.引言传统上软件开发遵循这样的原则:模块应提供表达其功能的接口,同时应隐藏其实现细节。这个原则被非正式地称为“黑盒抽象”,是软件设计的一个基本方法学原则,也是其他研究方向比如可移植性、重用、组件软件、软件工程方法、标准式设计等的基石。但是近年来随着软件重用技术和软件可扩展性技术的发展,人们对这样一个软件基本准则提出了疑问。主要的疑问是:模块的最佳实现策略在不知道模块的具体使用环境的情况下是不能确定的。也就是说,用户(模块的使用者)而不是模块的设计者通常知道实施方案的最佳策略。但在黑盒抽象原则下,设计者过早地确定了实现策略.并且在黑盒中固化,用户不能改变这些策略.因而往往不能满足用户的需求。     

Thermodynamics and its prediction and CALPHAD modeling: Review,state of the art,and perspectives

Thermodynamics is a science concerning the state of a system, whether it is stable, metastable, or unstable, when interacting with its surroundings. The combined law of thermodynamics derived by Gibbs about 150 years ago laid the foundation of thermodynamics. In Gibbs combined law, the entropy production due to internal processes was not included, and the 2^nd law was thus practically removed from the Gibbs combined law, so it is only applicable to systems under equilibrium, thus commonly termed as equilibrium or Gibbs thermodynamics. Gibbs further derived the classical statistical thermodynamics in terms of the probability of configurations in a system in the later 1800's and early 1900's. With the quantum mechanics (QM) developed in 1920's, the QM-based statistical thermodynamics was established and connected to classical statistical thermodynamics at the classical limit as shown by Landau in the 1940's. In 1960's the development of density functional theory (DFT) by Kohn and co-workers enabled the QM prediction of properties of the ground state of a system. On the other hand, the entropy production due to internal processes in non-equilibrium systems was studied separately by Onsager in 1930's and Prigogine and co-workers in the 1950's. In 1960's to 1970's the digitization of thermodynamics was developed by Kaufman in the framework of the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) modeling of individual phases with internal degrees of freedom. CALPHAD modeling of thermodynamics and atomic transport properties has enabled computational design of complex materials in the last 50 years. Our recently termed zentropy theory integrates DFT and statistical mechanics through the replacement of the internal energy of each individual configuration by its DFT-predicted free energy. The zentropy theory is capable of accurately predicting the free energy of individual phases, transition temperatures and properties of magnetic and ferroelectric materials with free energies of individual configurations solely from DFT-based calculations and without fitting parameters, and is being tested for other phenomena including superconductivity, quantum criticality, and black holes. Those predictions include the singularity at critical points with divergence of physical properties, negative thermal expansion, and the strongly correlated physics. Those individual configurations may thus be considered as the genomic building blocks of individual phases in the spirit of the materials genome®. This has the potential to shift the paradigm of CALPHAD modeling from being heavily dependent on experimental inputs to becoming fully predictive with inputs solely from DFT-based calculations and machine learning models built on those calculations and existing experimental data through newly developed and future open-source tools. Furthermore, through the combined law of thermodynamics including the internal entropy production, it is shown that the kinetic coefficient matrix of independent internal processes is diagonal with respect to the conjugate potentials in the combined law, and the cross phenomena that the phenomenological Onsager flux and reciprocal relationships are due to the dependence of the conjugate potential of a molar quantity on nonconjugate molar quantities and other potentials, which can be predicted by the zentropy theory and CALPHAD modeling.     

A comparison of purchase decision calculus between potential and repeat customers of an online store

Potential and repeat customers of an online store possess different amount of information and use different criteria for making purchase decisions. Internet vendors should therefore adopt different sales strategies for creating initial sales and generating repeat sales. Yet little is known about the differences in online purchase decision making between the two customer groups. This study examines the differences between potential and repeat customers based on mental accounting theory and information processing theory. We found that value perception (of transactions made with the online vendor) as an overall judgment for decision making is more strongly influenced by the non-monetary (perceived risk) factor than by the monetary factor (perceived price) for potential customers, whereas it is more strongly influenced by the monetary factor than by the non-monetary factor for repeat customers. The findings of our study would help Internet vendors develop customized strategies for creating initial sales and repeat sales.     

Classical Linear-Control Analysis Applied to Business-Cycle Dynamics and Stability

Classical linear-control analysis provides a framework for studying dynamic systems involving random disturbances. This framework is used to develop a set of equations that, in historical perspective, combine traditional concepts about the dynamics of economic systems and about the effects of random economic disturbances. This set of equations provides relationships among well-known ideas in general macroeconomics and provides a means to interrelate and examine ideas about stabilization policies. In this study, linear-control analysis is applied as an aid in understanding the fluctuations of business cycles in the past, and to examine monetary policies that might improve stabilization. The analysis shows how different policies change the frequency and damping of the economic system dynamics, and how they modify the amplitude of the fluctuations that are caused by random disturbances. Examples are used to show how policy feedbacks and policy lags can be incorporated, and how different monetary strategies for stabilization can be analytically compared. Representative numerical results are used to illustrate the main points.     

The determinants of monetary value of virtual goods: An empirical study for a cross-section of MMORPGs

This study investigates the monetary value of virtual goods in the context of 24 most popular massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Building on classic economic theory, we approach this issue through a combination of experimentation and cross-sectional time series data analysis. Our findings suggest that more intensive social networking and flatter social hierarchical structures are associated with lower monetary value of virtual goods across various MMORPGs. Instead, a larger base of active users increases the potential demand and thus the monetary value of virtual goods in the short run. A steeper social hierarchical structure further strengthens the effect. The implication is that social networking and hierarchical structure can be two effective angles for game developers or policy makers to address the issue of real-money trading of virtual goods.     

Process systems and passivity via the Clausius-Planck inequality

In this paper we define a process system to be a system which has actions with the Clausius-Planck and conservation properties. We use standard and well established results derived from macroscopic thermodynamics to show that a process system has actions which satisfy the dissipation inequality. Furthermore, these actions have an inner product structure and a link between the thermodynamic theory of process systems and the input-output passivity theory of nonlinear control is established. The paper therefore represents a step towards developing a passivity based approach for distributed control system design for chemical processes. A review of relevant concepts from thermodynamics is given in an appendix.     

Manual-Control Analysis Applied to the Money Supply Control Task

The recent procedure implemented by the Federal Reserve Board to control the money supply is formulated in the form of a tracking model as used in the study of manual-control tasks. Using this model, an analysis is made to determine the effect of monetary control on the fluctuations in economic output. The results indicate that monetary control can reduce the amplitude of fluctuations at frequencies near the region of historic business cycles. However, with significant time lags in the control loop, monetary control tends to increase the amplitude of the fluctuations at the higher frequencies. The study outlines how the investigator or student can use the tools developed in the field of manual-control analysis to study the nature of economic fluctuations and to examine different strategies for stabilization.     

通用基团贡献法自动处理系统（GPAG）

本文介绍了通用基团贡献法自动处理系统GPAG.本工作以建立一个通用系统为目标,提出了一套面向化工常用有机化合物结构、覆盖率高的主基团代码集;发展了相应的主基团解析,子结构匹配;有机分子局部、整体及特殊分子的结构信息提取、加工和化合物自动分类.该系统所提出的有机分子结构计算机表示及处理方法可以广泛地适用于各类基团方法的结构信息特点,因此可以方便地扩充新的基团方法.     

城市协调发展动力学模型

该文根据系统动力学原理,以城市的人口、就业、住宅为三个互相作用,互为因果的子系统,建立起城市协调发展的数学模型,并用MATLAB的Sireulink构建相应的计算机仿真模型。用南宁市的实际数据对模型中的变量进行长达一百年的仿真：人口数量、就业岗位、住宅供给量、住宅需求量、劳动力、建成区面积、人口密度、土地占用率。这些具体的数据结果勾勒出了一个城市未来一百年的发展状况,对政府机构的经济及政治决策提供了科学的、明确的依据。     

A metamodeling approach for cross-layer optimization: A framework and application to Voice over WiFi

Cross-layer design has been proposed to optimize the performance of networks by exploiting the interrelations among parameters and procedures at different levels of the protocol stack. This paper introduces a quantitative framework for the study of cross-layer interactions, which enables design engineers to analyze and quantify interlayer dependencies and to identify the optimal operating point of the system, by using network economic theory principles. The framework is then used for performance optimization of a single-cell Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) system. Insights gained from the considered scenario enable us to define a novel cross-layer Call Admission Control (CAC) scheme. The multistage CAC takes into account Quality of Service (QoS) criteria, which provide satisfaction to the end user, as well as revenue criteria that maximize the possible profit of the WiFi provider.     

一种多语言网站解决方案

为了满足企业信息化和全球化的需要,各大企业利用互联网技术为全球用户提供更为完善的服务。提出一种基于资源文件的多语言网站的设计思想和总体架构,采用LAMP技术,设计并实现了多语言网站。旨在为解决用户与企业交流问题提供了一个强有力的平台,同时能够有效加速企业的全球化和本地化的发展进程,为企业在全球贸易中获取更多的经济利益。