异构网络的垂直切换仿真建模及其性能评估

针对无线网络的异构化趋势,对WLAN和UMTS形成的异构网络进行扩展,使其包含WLAN, WiMAX和UMTS 3种网络。基于介质独立切换对扩展后异构网络中的垂直切换进行仿真建模。评估切换时延、切换期间的丢包数目和网络使用效率,结果表明,链路即将断开（LGD）方式的切换时延小于链路断开（LD）方式,且丢包数较少,网络使用效率随着功率强度门限系数的增大而降低。     

基于TEASE管道技术的异构网络垂直切换安全认证算法

基于WLAN和UMTS构建的异构网络模型,提出一种适合该模型的垂直切换安全认证算法,用临时管道密钥(TTK)对数据进行加密,在接收端再用TTK进行数据解密。用平均切换次数、传输时延和丢包率三个指标评价所提出算法的性能。与已有垂直切换算法进行性能比较,其结果表明,提出的算法能有效减少切换次数,消除乒乓效应,减少传输时延和丢包率,可为实时业务所需的无缝切换提供有力保障。     

WLAN与蜂窝混合网络有效的信道切换策略

针对无线局域网WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)与蜂窝混合网络,提出一种具有抢占蜂窝网络信道的切换策略。当使用蜂窝信道的终端移入WLAN覆盖区域时,只有在该终端所使用的信道被抢占时,该机制才进行垂直切换以减少因切换造成的时延与丢包;建立了该切换策略的三维马尔可夫模型,分析了WLAN网络的终端数、蜂窝信道的利用率、信道接入请求阻塞率、信道抢占率与信道被抢占率的性能。详细的仿真结果证明了提出的模型的有效性,当WLAN覆盖面积比例为0.2时,信道抢占概率最大;当终端移动速度达到100km/h时,信道被抢占的概率是移动速度为20km/h的3倍;提出的信道切换策略与随机切换策略相比,显著地降低了业务的丢包率与传输时延。     

异构无线Mesh网络层次化平滑切换方案

针对现有异构无线Mesh网络缺乏对域间移动切换支持的问题,提出支持域间切换的异构无线Mesh网络层次化切换方案,区分域内切换和域间切换,降低切换时延。采用缓存策略,有效降低丢包率,支持终端的快速移动。仿真结果表明,该方案可支持速度达23 m/s的终端移动,在域间切换时,平均丢包数减少66.7%~95.5%。     

一种基于LWAP的IEEE 802.11平滑切换机制

IEEE 802.11网络中的BSS切换不可避免地产生丢包问题,这会造成网络性能严重下降,进而限制了移动环境下WLAN的广泛应用。为了降低切换过程中的丢包率,本文提出了一种在数据链路层、由无线链路事件触发的用户空间平滑切换机制,并且在基于嵌入式Linux平台的无线AP上进行了实现。大量的实验结果表明,在无需对当前IEEE 802.11协议进行改动的前提下,新切换机制可以保证在允许的时延范围内,较大地降低丢包率,提高网络性能,并且可以支持平滑漫游。改进的平滑切换机制独立于驱动,具有良好的可移植性,可以在现有AP上增量添加,而无需更改STA,降低了升级成本。     

基于L2触发的异构网络切换研究

IETF提议的MIPv6协议能够实现异构网络切换,但切换时延和丢包率较大,其扩展协议FMIPv6为此提出L2触发的概念,却未定义L2触发的具体时间。因此,结合IEEE802.21媒体独立切换(MIH)协议提出一种基于L2触发的异构网络切换方案,通过NS-2仿真验证了L2触发的切换方案能有效减少切换时延和丢包,并评价了不同速度、不同预测系数对切换期间的中断概率、丢包率和网络使用率的影响。     

基于预判决和改进灰关联的异构网络切换算法

传统异构网络切换算法容易引起乒乓效应和切换准确度不高等问题; 同时,现有异构网络切换算法存在网络属性权重确定不合理问题,容易增加不必要的切换次数。因此,针对异构网络切换算法判决不准确带来的乒乓效应问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于差值门限比率和改进灰色关联分析相结合的异构网络切换算法。首先采用差值门限比率进行预判决,初步确定网络是否切换;再利用改进灰色关联分析算法选取目标切换网络,从而决定是否切换网络。搭建了WLAN和UMTS融合的异构网络环境,采用了MATLAB、OPNET等仿真工具。仿真结果表明：该算法有效提高了网络切换判决的准确性,减少了网络切换次数,降低了网络切换失败率。     

IEEE802.11网络中过后注册切换机制实现及性能分析

首先对移动切换过程和过后注册切换机制进行分析.在IEEE802.11网络上,对管理帧的信息单元进行扩展来构造二层触发消息,并在Linux上实现了过后注册切换机制.最后从丢包和切换时延两方面对过后注册切换机制进行性能分析.分析结果表明,过后注册切换机制明显降低了切换时延,减少了数据包的丢失.     

异构网络垂直切换决策算法仿真

在异构网络无缝切换的研究中,切换判决是实现异构网络无缝切换中最为关键的一步。在不同接入网之间,为保证业务连续性,需要考虑终端及网络的多方因素,进行综合判决,选择最合适的网络进行接入。以往的垂直切换决策算法普遍存在一些未解决的问题,如考虑的判决因素不全面,决策权值太过主观,对不确定性因素难以描述,算法复杂度和性能无法很好的权衡等。为进一步提高算法性能,针对WLAN/UMTS的异构无线网络环境,提出一种更客观科学的垂直切换决策算法。并用Matlab/Simulink平台进行仿真建模,通过和传统的决策算法的对比分析,验证改进算法的有效性。仿真结果表明,新算法能及时准确地切换至最优网络,各网络负载均衡,且减少了不必要的切换。     

自适应门限的异构无线网络预切换机制

以无线局域网（WLAN）和WiMAX网络融合构成的异构网络为研究对象,研究了多模移动终端基于FMIPv6机制完成异构无线网络之间垂直切换的操作流程。针对垂直切换过程中使用固定门限值预切换机制存在的不足,提出了一种自适应门限预切换机制,并详细分析了垂直切换过程中目标网络接入时延,从而为所提出的自适应门限值预切换机制提供了理论依据。在仿真部分,扩充了NS2仿真平台上已有的功能模块,从而验证了所提出的自适应门限预切换机制的性能。     

An enhanced framework for providing multimedia broadcast/multicast service over heterogeneous networks

Multimedia broadcast multicast service （MBMS） with inherently low requirement for network resources has been proposed as a candidate solution for using such resources in a more efficient manner. On the other hand, the Next Generation Mobile Network （NGMN） combines multiple radio access technologies （RATs） to optimize overall network performance. Handover performance is becoming a vital indicator of the quality experience of mobile user equipment （UE）. In contrast to the conventional vertical handover issue, the problem we are facing is how to seamlessly transmit broadcast/multicast sessions among heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose a new network entity, media independent broadcast multicast service center （MIBM-SC）, to provide seamless handover for broadcast/multicast sessions over heterogeneous networks, by extensions and enhancements of MBMS and media independent information service （MIIS） architectures. Additionally, a network selection scheme and a cell transmission mode selection scheme are proposed for selecting the best target network and best transmission mode. Both schemes are based on a load-aware network capacity estimation algorithm. Simulation results show that the pro- posed approach has the capability to provide MBMS over heterogeneous networks, with improved handover performance in terms of packet loss rate, throughput, handover delay, cell load, bandwidth usage, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR）.     

一种基于时间阈值和协作分集的切换优化机制

针对基于协作节点的分层移动IPV6协议(PHMIPv6)在域间切换时,因未充分考虑非合作节点而可能导致的预切换操作失败问题,该文通过计算移动节点与协作节点的链路终止时间(LET)并引入时间阈值,保证所选择的协作节点能够及时执行预切换过程并返回新的转交地址,有效缩短切换准备时长;另外,在切换完成后,以协作节点为中继,移动节点与新的接入点在上下行建立包括蜂窝网络和Ad hoc网络的异构协作信道,充分利用协作分集技术来提高小区边缘的通信质量.应用NS2搭建了仿真环境,并分别从预切换成率、丢包数、切换时延等三个方面验证了该切换机制在性能上的优越性.     

Fuzzy based multi-criteria vertical handover decision modeling in heterogeneous wireless networks

Vertical handover gain significant importance due to the enhancements in mobility models by the Fourth Generation (4G) technologies. However, these enhancements are limited to specific scenarios and hence do not provide support for generic mobility. Similarly, various schemes are proposed based on these mobility models but most of them are suffered from the high packet loss, frequent handovers, too early and late handovers, inappropriate network selection, etc. To address these challenges, a generic vertical handover management scheme for heterogeneous wireless networks is proposed in this article. The proposed scheme works in three phases. In the first phase, a handover triggering approach is designed to identify the appropriate place for initiating handover based on the estimated coverage area of a WLAN access point or cellular base station. In the second phase, fuzzy rule based system is designed to eliminate the inappropriate networks before deciding an optimal network for handover. In the third phase, a network selection scheme is developed based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision mechanism. Various parameters such as delay, jitter, Bit Error Rate (BER), packet loss, communication cost, response time, and network load are considered for selecting an optimal network. The proposed scheme is tested in a mobility scenario with different speeds of a mobile node ranging from very low to very high. The simulation results are compared with the existing decision models used for network selection and handover triggering approaches. The proposed scheme outperforms these schemes in terms of energy consumption, handover delay and time, packet loss, good put, etc.     

Seamless handover supported by parallel polling and dynamic multicast group in connected WLAN micro-cells system

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) has been seen to be one of the promising access technologies that adapts to 4G cellular network systems in providing very high speed connection with QoS guarantee through the polling function. However, when the handover happens, the contention-based medium access mechanism which is mainly used in WLAN is invoked and introduces unbounded transmission delay due to idle time periods and retransmission because of collision during the handover. If this technique is expanded to use in a microcellular network such as connected WLAN micro-cells, contention-based mechanism, therefore, should not be used to handle the MT’s handover, especially for vehicular users who change access point every few seconds. To overcome these difficulties in handover, we introduce parallel polling scheme in dynamic LMC (Logical Macro Cell) which can reduce delays much and remove packet loss rate. LMC is a virtual single macro cell which is built on a multicast group of adjacent micro-cells. In the same LMC, polling signals are sent from every BS (base station) to give MT (mobile terminal) permission to access one of these BSs. Instead of wasting much time to contend for resources of a new BS during handover, the MT answers the polling as an acknowledgment to connect to that new BS. The polling response is controlled to multicast to all BSs of the same LMC via the core network to synchronize for the next polling cycle. LMC is controlled to dynamically change when the MT comes in a new BS to make polling signals be continuous in a new LMC. Through analytical and simulation results, we show that the parallel polling scheme can achieve no handover latency, no packet loss and maintain mobile users’ throughput stably in the high traffic load condition though it causes overhead on the neighboring cells in both of wired and wireless sections. At speeds of up to70 m/s, the MT can still maintain its stable connection. OMNeT++ simulator with INET project is used to evaluate our proposal.     

AI-MIPv6：一种基于归属信息的移动IPv6预测切换协议

已经提出的快速和平滑切换框架中，普遍使用接入路由器进行信令的处理和数据的缓存，这种结构不易部署和扩展。本文提出了利用链路层与网络层之间的归属信息进行预测切换的协议，描述了预测切换协议的切换过程，阐述了归属信息的组织和使用方法，分析了切换协议的时延特性，并进行了实验验证。该协议通过对本地管理单元和域管理单元的使用，能够有效减少切换时延和丢包!并具有易部署和易扩展的能力。     

Handoff performance analysis of PMIPv6-based distributed mobility management protocol-urban scenario

Mobility management allows the networks to track down a mobile user's location for sending datagrams and to retain the connection when the user changes its location points repeatedly. Whenever a node switches between one base station and another, the connectivity is maintained through a process called handoff management. For real-time traffic implementations in wireless network communications, handover performance is essential. A mobile node is blocked from transmitting and receiving a datagram for a longer time as the handover delay increases. Unacceptable handover delays are common in real-time communication services. To guarantee smooth connectivity and continuous provision of services, effective handoff methods are required. The handoff efficiency of network-based distributed mobility management (DMM) is studied extensively in this article, along with a comparison to PMIPv6. We specifically investigate how handover delay, session recovery, and packet loss are influenced by cell radius. From the analytical and simulation findings this paper concludes that network-based DMM performs better than PMIPv6.     

A multi-path mechanism for reliable VoIP transmission over wireless networks

With the advances in audio encoding standards and wireless access networks, voice over IP (VoIP) is becoming quite popular. However, real-time voice data over lossy networks (such as WLAN and UMTS), still posses several challenging problems because of the adverse effects caused by complex network dynamics. One approach to provide QoS for VoIP applications over the wireless networks is to use multiple paths to deliver VoIP data destined for a particular receiver. This paper introduced cmpSCTP, a transport layer solution for concurrent multi-path transfer that modifies the standard stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The cmpSCTP aims at exploiting SCTP’s multi-homing capability by selecting several best paths among multiple available network interfaces to improve data transfer rate to the same multi-homed device. Through the use of path monitoring and packet allotment techniques, cmpSCTP tries to transmit an amount of packets corresponding to the path’s ability. At the same time, cmpSCTP updates the transmission strategy based on the real-time information of all of paths. Using cmpSCTP’s flexible path management capability, we may switch the flow between multiple paths automatically to realize seamless path handover. The theoretical analysis evaluated the model of cmpSCTP and formulated optimal traffic fragmentation of VoIP data. Extensive simulations under different scenarios using OPNET verified that cmpSCTP can effectively enhance VoIP transmission efficiency and highlighted the superiority of cmpSCTP against the other SCTP’s extension implementations under performance indexes such as throughput, handover latency, packet delay, and packet loss.