商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化性质的影响

采用SBM-52、SHI-59、VBM-60复合型商业发酵剂生产发酵香肠,以不添加发酵剂作为对照组,在成熟第0、1、4、7、10天检测4 组香肠的pH值、非蛋白氮（non-protein nitrogen,NPN）含量、酸价、亚硝酸盐含量、水分活度（water activity,aw）、色差等理化指标的变化,考察不同商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化品质的影响。结果表明：成熟终点时,4 组发酵香肠的pH值均小于5.0,亚硝酸盐含量低于30 mg/kg,充分保证了发酵香肠的安全性;NPN含量、aw和失重率的测定结果表明,添加3 种商业发酵剂均有助于发酵香肠中蛋白质的分解,加快成熟进程;SBM-52和VBM-60组香肠的酸价低于对照组,表明SBM-52和VBM-60具有较好的抑制脂肪氧化的作用。     

不同发酵剂对费力诺萨拉米品质的影响

目的 研究不同商用发酵剂对费力诺萨拉米发酵香肠成熟过程中生化指标及感官品质的影响。方法 采用3种商用发酵剂SHI-59、VHI-41和VBL-97对费力诺萨拉米进行接种,探究发酵香肠在发酵失重20%、30%、40%和成熟点时的pH、微生物数量、质构以及色度变化趋势,并利用核磁共振技术研究三种发酵剂发酵萨拉米的水分分布变化情况,同时感官评价小组对成熟的发酵萨拉米进行了感官评定。结果 SHI-59接种的发酵香肠微生物数量最多,pH低;VBL-97发酵萨拉米的L*（42.33）和a*/b*（2.48）较高,能保持更好的色度;VBL-97发酵萨拉米的弛豫时间低至4.44-52.42,其自由水最少,其硬度最大,粘聚性和咀嚼性较好,感官评定分数较好,更适于国内大众口味。结论 本研究为开发更适合于国人口味的费力诺萨拉米发酵剂的选用提供了参考资料。     

混合发酵剂对羊肉发酵香肠理化品质的影响

以巴盟羊肉为原料,添加混合发酵剂制作发酵香肠,研究在发酵、干燥、成熟以及常温贮藏过程中混合发酵剂对羊肉发酵香肠营养品质的影响。结果表明:干燥结束后,混合组pH是5.67,显著低于对照组5.78(p0.05);成熟结束后,混合组和商业组的Aw为0.865和0.872,显著低于对照组0.882(p0.05);商业组的e值高于混合组和对照组的e值;在贮藏阶段,水分含量依次为商业组混合组对照组;实验组脂肪含量显著低于对照组;混合组的蛋白质含量在各个阶段均高于其他2组;贮藏阶段,混合组亚硝酸盐含量7.993 mg/kg显著低于对照组12.493 mg/kg和商业组9.663 mg/kg(p0.05);混合组TBARS值0.215 mg/kg显著低于对照组0.565 mg/kg和商业组0.273 mg/kg(p0.05)。     

干酪乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌在发酵香肠中的作用研究

本研究对以干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)和戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)为发酵剂的发酵香肠在成熟过程中微生物和理化生化指标变化进行测定,通过与自然发酵和添加抑菌剂的香肠进行比较,确定两种乳酸菌均对发酵香肠成熟中活菌总数、乳酸菌总数有显著的增加作用,均能有效抑制发酵香肠中有害菌的生长,迅速降低香肠的pH、AW值,显著降低香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,更好的保障发酵香肠的安全性;干酪乳杆菌在抑制有害菌、降低香肠的pH值、AW值等方面的作用明显强于戊糖片球菌,更适合发酵香肠安全性的要求;发酵香肠的内源酶对其蛋白质和脂肪的变化起决定性作用。     

复合发酵剂和天然香辛料对羊肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响

通过接种复合发酵剂和添加天然香辛料,采用相同的工艺条件生产4组羊肉发酵香肠,1组为对照组,2组为接种发酵剂组,3组为发酵剂+黑胡椒组,4组为发酵剂+黑胡椒+孜然组。分别测定4个组羊肉发酵香肠在发酵成熟和贮藏过程中pH值、Aw值、水分含量及微生物的变化。结果表明:在发酵结束(即第1.5天)时,试验组和对照组的pH值、Aw值和水分含量均呈下降趋势,试验组的pH值迅速降到最低值(即5.0以下),与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);在干燥成熟过程中,试验组的pH值、Aw值和水分含量迅速下降,添加香辛料组的pH值迅速回升,同时乳酸菌数维持在108cfu/g以上水平,高于对照组,细菌总数却低于对照组;在贮藏过程中,试验组的pH值和水分含量基本保持不变,且均低于对照组,而Aw值始终呈下降趋势,细菌总数小于对照组。上述结果表明,接种复合发酵剂和添加天然香辛料能迅速降低pH值、Aw值和水分含量,有效抑制腐败菌和致病菌的生长,提高羊肉发酵香肠的品质和保藏性。     

清酒乳杆菌对发酵香肠食用安全性的影响

以清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei)为发酵剂制作发酵香肠,研究发酵剂对发酵香肠中亚硝酸盐残留量、组胺含量、酸价、脂质氧化和感官品质等的影响。结果表明:发酵成熟结束时,接种清酒乳杆菌和自然发酵香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量分别为6.1,23.3mg/kg,组胺含量分别为5.18,10.54mg/kg,酸价分别为1.61,1.82mg/g,过氧化值分别为0.09,0.136g/100g,硫代巴比妥酸TBA分别为0.42,0.58mg/kg。清酒乳杆菌发酵香肠的组织状态、风味和色泽等感官评分均高于自然发酵组,获得优良的感官特性。     

不同发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠微生物品质的影响

试验采用相同的工艺生产3组羊肉发酵香肠,第1组为对照组(不添加任何发酵剂),第2组添加市售的干粉发酵剂,第3组添加植物乳杆菌和肉葡萄球菌的混合发酵剂(3︰1)。分别测定3组羊肉发酵香肠的理化性质和微生物特性。结果表明:在发酵过程中,市售组和混合组p H迅速降低,分别降到4.8和4.7,显著低于对照组(p0.05);水分活度从开始发酵起一直处于降低状态,成熟后市售组降到0.57,混合组降到0.6,均低于对照组(p0.05);乳酸菌数在发酵过程中先增加后降低,最高达到108 CFU/g以上,是发酵过程中的优势菌;葡萄球菌和大肠菌群也是先增加后降低。     

响应面优化胡麻粕蛋白提取工艺及其功能性质研究

为研究意大利SACCO WBL-45复合菌种和意大利SACCO VBL-97复合菌种在天然腌制肉制品中的应用效果,先利用复合菌种的硝酸盐还原作用发酵天然芹菜汁,以期得到富含亚硝酸盐的发酵芹菜冻干粉,再分别应用于制作天然腌制灌肠并研究效果。分别设定VBL-97菌株接种量为6.25×10~5、1.25×10~6、6.25×10~6、2.5×10~7、6.25×10~7CFU/g,WBL-45菌株接种量为7.08×10~5、1.42×10~6、7.08×10~6、2.83×10~7、7.08×10~7CFU/g,发酵温度为38℃,在0、12、24、60、96、120、150 h测定发酵芹菜液pH值、硝酸盐含量、亚硝酸盐含量,研究芹菜液发酵规律,以亚硝酸盐生成量初步选定复合菌种接种量和发酵时间,其次将发酵完成的芹菜汁冻干为WBL-45复合菌种发酵芹菜粉和VBL-97复合菌种发酵芹菜粉,分别制作天然腌制灌肠,以化学合成型亚硝酸钠制作灌肠作为对照组,在0、1、3、5、7d测定a~*值、亚硝酸盐残留和硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS),研究其腌制效果。试验结果表明,WBL-45接种量为1.42×10~6CFU/g时,VBL-97接种量为1.25×10~6CFU/g时,发酵进行到24 h左右,发酵芹菜液pH值和硝酸盐含量均降到最低,亚硝酸盐生成量达到峰值,分别为1 013 mg/kg和256 mg/kg,WBL-45组硝酸盐转化量更高(P0.05),两种发酵芹菜粉制作灌肠在a~*上与对照组存在差异但相差不大,在TBARS值和亚硝酸盐残留方面优于对照组,同时WBL-45发酵芹菜粉灌肠的a~*值要比VBL-97组高。     

混合发酵剂的筛选及对发酵猪肉香肠加工特性及安全性能的影响

通过比较不同比例植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌的复合发酵剂的生长活性、产酸能力、耐盐及耐亚硝酸盐特性,筛选最佳复配比例的混合发酵剂并制作发酵香肠。旨在探究复合发酵剂对发酵香肠理化品质及生物胺的影响。结果表明:植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌复合比为1:1时,具有较好的生长、产酸、耐盐及耐亚硝酸盐能力。接种1:1的植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌混合发酵剂制备的香肠pH值下降速率快于单一乳酸菌组和空白对照组;发酵结束混合组pH值降为4.95,显著低于对照组和单一组(P<0.05);pH值下降改变了蛋白质与水分结合能力、促使香肠Aw随之降低,使得混合组Aw低于单一组和对照组;相比香肠色泽,3组差异不显著(P>0.05)。成熟后期混合组尸胺和组胺检出量均低于单一组和对照组。由研究结果可知添加复合发酵剂有助于提高香肠安全性、缩短发酵成熟周期。     

侗族传统酸鱼中降亚硝酸盐乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及其在发酵香肠中的应用

以侗族传统酸鱼作为乳酸菌筛选源,分离出17株乳酸菌。以降亚硝酸盐能力为筛选指标对初筛所得乳酸菌进行复筛,筛选到2株降亚硝酸盐能力优良且适于肉制品发酵的乳酸菌菌株,经16S r DNA全序列分析鉴定2株菌分别为植物乳杆菌(DLY-7)和发酵乳杆菌(DLY-10)。以筛选到的菌株为发酵剂制作单菌株发酵香肠,结果显示,在发酵结束时发酵香肠的NaNO2含量为9.81 mg/kg(DLY-7)和11.23 mg/kg(DLY-10),均低于国家标准,表明筛选菌株可用于开发成用于生产低亚硝酸盐的健康肉制品发酵剂。     

发酵香肠在发酵过程中微生物变化的研究

该文对四种中式发酵香肠在成熟过程中的菌相变化以及理化变化进行了研究,结论如下:乳酸菌是发酵香肠成熟过程中的优势菌,乳酸菌在第7天达到了最大值108cfu/ml以上,在成熟干燥的后期,乳酸菌呈下降的趋势;葡萄球菌和微球菌在发酵香肠成熟过程中的变化趋势与乳酸菌很相似,在发酵阶段或灌肠后的一周内达到了最大值,但其数量远远低于乳酸菌,在成熟时期开始下降,并且下降速度比较大.     

The effect of kimchi on the microbiological stability of fermented sausage

The effects of kimchi and freeze-dried kimchi-powder added to raw meat mixtures on the microbiological quality of fermented sausage were studied. The results clearly demonstrated that the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) integrated via the addition of kimchi as well as kimchi-powder were well adapted to the new habitat of fermenting sausage, reaching maximum numbers of 8.65-8.80log(10)cfu/g after 1-2days of fermentation. In all kimchi and kimchi-powder sausages, the growth of Enterobacteriaceae was completely inhibited throughout the processing period (<2log(10)cfu/g). The sausage batches containing more than 10% kimchi and 2% kimchi-powder showed no growth of S. aureus, whereas the control and another kimchi sausage batch reflected the growth of S. aureus (3.68-4.72log(10)cfu/g). As a result, the addition of kimchi (≥10%) and kimchi-powder to the sausage mixture prior to fermentation produced the microbiological stability required for fermented sausages.     

人工发酵剂对湘西腊肠微生物菌群和理化特性的影响

本文从动态角度探讨自然发酵、戊糖片球菌发酵、木糖葡萄球菌发酵和混合菌发酵腊肠在发酵过程中五种菌相(细菌总数、乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、酵母菌和肠细菌)和理化特性的阶段性变化。微生物数据显示,四组腊肠初始肠细菌数量约5.30 logCFU/g,而发酵结束,添加了戊糖片球菌腊肠组的肠细菌数量约1.00 logCFU/g,没有添加该菌腊肠组的肠细菌数量约3.30 logCFU/g,说明戊糖片球菌能有效抑制肠细菌的生长,保证了产品的安全性和稳定性;发酵初期,腊肠p H值迅速降5.30以下,到发酵中期,腊肠p H开始回升;在发酵过程中,戊糖片球菌腊肠组的TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸)值显著(p0.05)高于其他三组腊肠,而其它理化特性无显著差异。从数据分析可知,腊肠的发酵剂能有效改善其卫生质量,而对腊肠的p H值、AW和亚硝酸盐残留量没有显著影响。     

Microbiological and physicochemical properties of dry‐cured neck inoculated with probiotic of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB‐12

The effect of inoculum level of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB‐12 probiotic strain and ripening period on the quality of dry‐cured neck was studied. The microbiological parameters (Enterobacteriaceae, LAB and TVC) and physicochemical attributes (pH value, a_w, TBARS index, colour) were determined directly after fermentation at 15 °C for 3 weeks, after 6 and 12 months of ripening at 4 °C. The highest LAB count and a lower pH value were found in the meat inoculated with probiotic strain at 6.6 log cfu g^?1 (B2) followed by inoculation with probiotic strain at 6.3 log cfu g^?1 (B1). Level of inoculation had not had an influence on water activity, TBARS index and total colour parameters. Changes of fat oxidation during half‐year of ripening were limited in probiotic meat samples compared to naturally fermented control meat (C). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the most favourable physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the dry‐cured neck were obtained after 6 months of ripening. At that time, the Bifidobacterium BB‐12 at both levels is a good potential starter for meat fermentation.     

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus on the Quality Characteristics of Dry Fermented Sausage "Sucuk"

ABSTRACT:  The effect of starter culture, containing the strains Lactobacillus plantarum GM77 and Staphylococcus xylosus GM92, isolated from traditional sucuk, on the quality characteristics of dry fermented sausage (sucuk) during ripening period was studied. The microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus , Enterobacteriaceae) and physicochemical (pH, a_w, NPN, TBARS) properties and volatile compounds, extracted by solid phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were determined in sucuk samples with starter culture and in the control group (without starter culture). Both starter culture and ripening period had significant effects on lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus counts, and pH and a_w values ( P  < 0.01). The highest value for nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) was observed to occur in samples with starter culture ( P  < 0.05). TBARS value increased during ripening, the highest value was determined at 14th day in samples with starter culture. Among volatile compounds, terpenes were the major group in sucuk. Other volatile compounds (aldehydes, ketones, sulfur compounds, acids, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols) can be found in fewer amounts. While the use of starter culture was affecting a few compounds, ripening period had affected most of the compounds.     

Microbiota dynamics and lactic acid bacteria biodiversity in raw goat milk cheeses

Raw goat milk collected at 11 Andalusian dairy plants was used to individually manufacture cheeses without starter culture addition. Microbial groups were monitored during ripening for 60 days. A total of 1442 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates randomly chosen were identified by molecular methods. Counts of mesophilic LAB exceeded 9 log cfu g⁻¹ on day 1 and decreased 0.5 log units during ripening whereas counts of lactobacilli and leuconostocs increased and those of enterococci remained constant. Thirty-three LAB species belonging to eight different genera were isolated, with higher biodiversity on day 1 (26 species) than on day 60 (20 species). Structural genes coding for nisin, lacticin 481, lactococcin B, six plantaricins and five enterocins were detected in LAB isolates. The information obtained on the technological properties of selected isolates may be useful in developing specific starters for goat milk cheeses, capable of maintaining their distinctive sensory characteristics.     

Chemical composition and microbiological changes during spontaneous and starter culture fermentation of Enam Ne–Setaakye, a West African fermented fish-carbohydrate product

Enam Ne-Setaakye, a fermented fish-carbohydrate meal was made from minced fish flesh (75%), yam (20.5%), onions(1%), ginger(1%) and salt(2.5%). A total of 113 isolates belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Debaromyces and Candida were obtained from the natural fermentation process of the product. Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus were the dominant species with 24% and 19% occurrence respectively, while Candida species least occurred (3%).Changes in the viable count of the microflora showed the dominance of lactic acid bacteria from the 48 h of fermentation period (5.8᎒ cfu/g) to the end (2.3᎒ cfu/g). Enterobacteriaceae which was detected at a level of 10 cfu/g at 0 h, were not detectable after 72 h. Moulds were not isolated, while the yeast population became detectable from 72 h reaching 10 cfu/g at the end of fermentation. On the other hand, a shorter fermentation period of 72 h with a LAB count of 10 cfu/g, non-detection of enterobacteriaceae, moulds and a yeast population of 10 cfu/g were obtained when the fermentation was carried out using L. brevis and P. pentosaceus as starter cultures. A pH level of 4.3, 3.1% titratable acidity and 2.1% (^w/_wp) salt content were obtained in the starter culture fermented Enam Ne-Setaakye. There were significant differences in the moisture and free fatty acid contents of both naturally and starter culture fermented samples, but the protein content (16%) was not significantly different. Sensory evaluation of the products showed consumer preference for the steamed samples.     

Characterization of Proteolytic Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on Thai Fermented Sausages

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of starter culture addition on proteolysis of Thai fermented sausages. Sausages inoculated with six different external starter cultures—Pediococcus pentosaceous, Pediococcus acidilactici, Weissella cibaria, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Lactobacillus sakei—were compared with naturally fermented sausages. The results of microbiological analysis indicated that the dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could inhibit the growth of pathogens and spoilage. Proteolysis was observed during fermentation by the reduction of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins and the increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and total free amino acids. The highest increase in concentration of NPN and free amino acids was obtained from sausages inoculated with LAB. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a similar pattern of proteolysis of sarcoplasmic proteins in all sausages, while that of the inoculated sausages with L. plantarum, L. pentsus, and L. sakei exhibited increased degradation of myofibrillar protein bands at 200 and 45 kDa.     

Flavour profiles of dry sausages fermented by selected novel meat starter cultures

Probiotic or bioprotective Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG, LC-705 and E-97800 as well as Pediococcus pentosaceus E-90390 and Lactobacillus plantarum E-98098 were studied for their ability to act as main fermenting organisms in the manufacturing process of dry sausages. In the preliminary tests, their abilities to produce lactic acid and biogenic amines, histamine or tyramine, were studied in MRS broth and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The strains produced higher or equal amounts of lactic acid compared to control and were amine negative. During the actual fermentation process of dry sausages the numbers of inoculated bacteria increased from the level 6.5-7.0 log cfu/g to 8.0-9.0 log cfu/g. The most fast growing strains were P. pentosaceus E-90390 and the control while the growth of L. plantarum E-98098 and L. rhamnosus LC-705 were the slowest. The pH value of the sausages decreased from 5.6 to 4.9-5.0. The presence of these experimental strains as major organisms in the sausages after fermentation and ripening was confirmed on the bases of their genetic fingerprints. The flavour profiles of the experimental sausages produced by these probiotic or protective strains were similar with that produced by the commercial meat starter culture and commercial North European dry sausage recipe.