住区建成环境对老年人生活品质影响的实证研究——以大连市既有住区为例

伴随着生活圈的不断收缩,住区逐渐成为了老年人日常生活的主要场所,然而,既有住区的建成环境却往往不能满足老年人生活需求,影响老年人的生活品质。研究以大连市既有住区建成环境为对象,基于扎根理论采用拍照、测绘、半开放式访谈的方法,结合文献梳理,分析了住区建成环境对老年人生活品质的影响。研究认为住区建成环境现状问题主要体现于无障碍设计缺失、规划缺失以及管理缺失。这些问题均导致了老年人生活品质下降,且主要体现于无法满足营养需求、安全感需求、卫生需求以及社交需求。因此,为了提高老年人的生活品质,在进行建成环境改造时,应该充分考虑导致老年人生活品质下降背后的动因,并以需求为导向进行统筹优化。研究认为老年人生活品质是一项综合的指标,通过建成环境的优化能够在一定程度上对其进行提升,但只有建成环境与社会环境协同作用,才能更有效的提升老年人的生活品质。     

Resilience engineering and the built environment

The possible relations between resilience engineering and built environments are explored. Resilience engineering has been concerned with the safe and efficient functioning of large and small industrial systems. These may be described as built systems or artefacts. The resilience engineering approach argues that if the performance of systems is to be resilient, then they must be able to respond, monitor, learn and anticipate. The last ability in particular means that they must be able to consider themselves vis-à-vis their environment, i.e. be sentient and reflective systems. In practice, this means people individually or collectively can adjust what they do to match conditions, identify and overcome flaws and function glitches, recognize actual demands and make appropriate adjustments, detect when something goes wrong and intervene before the situation becomes serious. It is particularly important to understand the range of conditions about why and how the system functions in the ‘desired’ mode as well as ‘unwanted’ modes. Resilience is the capacity to sustain operations under both expected and unexpected conditions. The unexpected conditions are not only threats but also opportunities.     

Perfluorinated alkylated substances in the aquatic environment: An Austrian case study

Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) are of global interest due to their occurrence and persistency in the environment. This study includes surface waters and sediments for the analysis of eleven PFAS. The PFAS studied can be grouped in perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFS) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFSA). The two most important compounds are perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). These two substances showed the most significant values for surface water samples with maximum concentrations of 21 ng l⁻¹ for PFOA and 37 ng l⁻¹ for PFOS. Sediment samples from seven Austrian lakes and the river Danube were studied. Whereas PFSA and PFS were not detected in any sediment sample PFCAs were detected in most of the lake samples in concentrations up to 1.7 μg kg⁻¹ dry wt. PFOA, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) were detected in all Danube river sediment samples in concentrations varying from 0.1 up to 5.1 μg kg⁻¹ dry wt. For the various sampling points the proportional mass flows deriving from wastewater discharges were calculated. Whereas only up to 10% of the average flow is discharged wastewater up to more than 50% of the PFAS mass flows in the rivers can be attributed to wastewater discharges. Besides wastewater different other pathways as emissions from point sources, further degradation of precursor products, runoff from contaminated sites or surface runoff as well as dry and wet deposition have to be considered as relevant sources for PFAS contamination in surface waters.     

The effect of the built environment on human behaviour

A primary issue to be faced by the student of human urban behaviour is that of determinism. There is disagreement among social scientists on whether or not the human personality is partly shaped by the built environment. The main arguments are presented.

The implications for planning are also discussed. If determinism is rejected, planning is merely an attempt to accommodate behaviour that will inevitably unfold and its main pre‐occupation is with the projection of this remorseless future. If it is accepted, planning becomes instead the formulation of human behaviour goals and the express manipulation of the environment with the intention of realizing these goals. Regrettably, little systematic knowledge of the effects of environment on behaviour is so far available to enlighten the latter strategy.

The broad requirements for a scientific, deterministic theory of man‐environment interaction are outlined and some supporting studies reviewed. In particular, the socio‐spatial schema is proposed as a model of social psychological functioning and some applications of this approach are outlined.     

建成环境中的安全设计研究评析

基于对中国知网、维普以及万方三大数据库中对环境与犯罪预防设计研究的相关文献的归纳,首先对建成环境与犯罪之间的基础理论——CPTED的发展历程进行阐述,其次依照CPTED对建成环境的影响分三个不同策略角度进行了分析。     

An analysis of the bioclimates in different climates and implications for the built environment in China

Underlying trends of long-term summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major thermal climate zones and sub-zones across China were investigated using 102-year (1901–2002) weather data. In severe cold climates, winter discomfort dominated (about 66%) and the comfort index (CI) varied from −5 (extremely cold) to +2 (hot). A gradual shift from predominantly negative CI to positive CI was observed as one moved across the climate zones from the north to warmer climates in the south. Temperature rise resulted in less discomfort in the winter and more discomfort in the summer. Though the reduction in cold stress and increase in heat stress were moderate during the 102-year period, the last two decades tended to exhibit the largest changes. It is envisaged that if these trends continue, changes in cold and heat stresses in the 21st century would be much greater than those experienced during the 20th century. This could have significant implications for building designs and energy use in the built environment.     

Examining the effects of the neighborhood built environment on CO2 emissions from different residential trip purposes: A case study in Guangzhou,China

This study developed structural equation models (SEMs) to examine the effects of the neighborhood built environment on CO₂ emissions from different trip purposes. CO₂ emissions were calculated using the Travel O-D Point Intelligent Query System (TIQS) and a 2015 travel survey in Guangzhou. The results showed that there were several differences in the influence mechanism of the neighborhood built environment on CO₂ emissions for different trip purposes. Most of the built environment elements tested in this study had significant effects on CO₂ emissions. Certain effects were direct effects, while others were indirect effects that influenced mediating variables, such as car ownership, mode choice or trip distance. In terms of total effect, the distance to city public centers had a positive effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting trips but had a negative effect on that from recreational and daily shopping trips. In contrast, residential density had a negative effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting trips but had a positive effect on that from social, recreational and daily shopping trips. Bus stop density was positively correlated with CO₂ emissions from commuting trips, a counterintuitive but not implausible outcome. Additionally, bus stop density had a significant negative correlation with CO₂ emissions from social and daily shopping trips. In addition, land-use mix had a negative effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting, social and daily shopping trips, while metro station density and road network density had significant negative effects on CO₂ emissions for all trip purposes. These results suggest that it is necessary to design targeted interventions in the built environment to encourage residents to change their travel behavior, reduce CO₂ emissions, and achieve low-carbon development.     

谈BIM技术在云计算数据中心中的应用

以中国移动甘肃公司某云计算数据中心工程为背景,从室外综合管廊、过道综合吊支架系统等方面,介绍了BIM技术在云计算数据中心中的应用,工程应用效果表明,BIM技术实现了可视化技术交底、提高了劳动效率,为项目后期的运营管理提供了可靠的数据模型。     

城市公园建成环境主观评价模式初探

以湖州余家漾公园为例,对公园建成环境主观评价进行了研究,提出了城市居住区公园SEBE评价的一般模式,从评价与设计过程相结合的角度探索了主观评价如何增进居住区公园设计质量,从而优化居住区公园的设计。     

Practical considerations for implementing research on the indoor built environment

It is increasingly evident that design needs to play a role in reducing sedentary behaviour through macro- and micro-environmental changes to the built environment. Recent research explores how various environments shape health and well-being of different populations, as the findings reported in the Building Research &; Information special issue (volume 43/5) entitled ‘Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and the Indoor Built Environment’ exhibit. How can this research reach a wide audience, especially those in charge of making decisions around the design of indoor environments? Research and practice in the field of the built environment and health demands cross-disciplinary and cross-sector collaborations and research results need to be appropriately communicated, translated and adapted for practical use. Practitioners can extrapolate from available research and consult best practices. Forging ahead with implementation also lends new opportunities to collaborate with researchers on evaluation.