变流量双级压缩制冷系统实验研究

为改善变工况条件下,定频双级压缩制冷系统不能达到最佳状态运行的现状,本文搭建变流量双级压缩制冷系统实验台,分析了变工况条件下,调节高压级压缩机频率来改变低高压级压缩机输气量之比,对一次节流中间不完全冷却造成的影响。结果表明：当冷凝温度为30 ℃,蒸发温度为?35~?20 ℃,低高压级压缩机输气量之比由1.25增至3.33时,系统制冷量随着低高压级压缩机输气量之比的增加逐渐减少,性能系数COP最大为2.37;当蒸发温度从?20 ℃降至?35 ℃,每降低5 ℃,最佳COP下的低高压压缩机输气量之比依次增大22.10%、12.52%、14.29%。故实际系统设计时,可参考实验数据,根据不同蒸发温度和制冷量需求,调节合适的低高压级压缩机输气量之比,使系统运行达到最佳状态。     

容量调节比对变容量复叠制冷系统性能影响研究

通过对变容量复叠制冷系统建立容量调节模型、涡旋压缩机数学模型,分析了容量调节比、低温级蒸发温度、低温级冷凝温度、中间换热温差和高温级冷凝温度对系统性能的影响,得到以下结论:在低温级蒸发温度相同、制冷量相近的条件下,与定容和数码压缩机容量接近的系统相比,小排量定容压缩机系统性能更加优异;当低温级蒸发温度下降时,系统COP的降幅随容量调节比的增大而逐渐减小;在高温级冷凝温度一定时,系统COP随容量调节比的增大呈波动变化;当低温容量调节比在一定范围内,存在最佳低温级冷凝温度;在中间换热温差较大时,系统COP随容量调节比增大呈波动变化。     

高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵系统性能实验研究

为研究变转速压缩机对复叠式热泵系统的影响,本文搭建了高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵实验台。通过实验研究了不同运行工况下系统排气温度、中间温度、制热量、功率及COP随高温压缩机转速的变化规律。结果表明:在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-35℃～-10℃时,压缩机运行安全可靠;在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-25℃,高温压缩机转速从1 200 r/min增至6 000 r/min,制热量提升了129. 7%,低温压缩机功率减少43.4%; COP随高温压缩机转速的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,存在最大COP和对应的最佳高温压缩机转速。     

采用喷水螺杆式水蒸气压缩机的高温热泵设计及性能分析

针对高温热泵的工业需求,设计并分析以水为介质的闭式高温热泵系统,系统引入喷水螺杆式水蒸气压缩机,利用喷水实现压缩机排气为饱和状态,满足工业应用高温升(高压比)的技术要求的同时,克服高排气温度会导致的机械及安全问题。计算结果表明:系统在蒸发温度为90℃,冷凝温度为100℃时,COP高达31.48,压缩机喷水注入比为0.019;蒸发温度为75℃,冷凝温度为100℃工况下,系统COP为5.99,对应的压缩机压比为7,注入比为0.103;压缩机比功率随压缩机压比升高而增加,增加幅度随蒸发温度的升高而增大;系统COP随注入水温度的升高而降低,但变化趋势并不大。     

无油线性压缩机变容量制冷性能实验研究

无油线性压缩机具有结构简单紧凑、效率高和寿命长等优点,在航空航天热控领域具有巨大的发展潜力。针对实验室研制的无油线性压缩机进行变容量制冷性能研究,分析行程和余隙容积变化对压缩机的制冷性能受的影响。实验结果表明,在冷凝温度为48℃,蒸发温度为10℃,热沉温度维持15℃,行程从6.5 mm增加到8.9 mm时,压缩机的制冷量会随行程的增大而增大。在行程为8.9 mm时,最大制冷量为180 W;系统的COP和压缩效率会随着行程的增大先增大后减小,在行程为7.9 mm时,具有最高COP和压缩效率,分别为1.78%和30.6%。在冷凝温度为55℃,蒸发温度为10℃,热沉温度稳定在15℃,系统的余隙长度从0.1 mm增加到1.1 mm时,随着余隙长度的增加,压缩机的制冷量、COP和压缩效率会逐渐降低。电机效率会随着余隙容积的增加先升高后降低,在余隙长度为0.9 mm时,电机效率为78.4%。     

空气源热泵机组内并联涡旋压缩机性能的实验分析

在确保空气源热泵机组中涡旋压缩机稳定、可靠运行的前提下,对空气源热泵机组性能受运行环境的影响进行了研究。对涡旋压缩机、油分离器的运行机理进行了介绍,以实现对实验结果的机理解释。结果显示:在测试范围内,压缩机油槽内相对油位在0.65以上,完全满足压缩机润滑要求,且相对油位随着蒸发温度的升高、冷凝温度的降低而增大;由于蒸发温度、冷凝温度对压缩机功耗影响较小,因此,实验变量对设备制冷量、制热量的影响效果与其对能效比(EER)、性能系数(COP)的影响效果相近,即设备制冷量、制热量、EER、COP均随蒸发温度的升高、冷凝温度的降低而增大;制热工况下,进水温度、室内环温对设备性能的影响机制与冷凝温度的相近,均通过增加压缩机容积效率来强化设备性能,即设备制热量、COP同样随进水温度、室内环温的降低而增大。     

基于中间补气压缩机的地暖系统制热性能实验研究

本文将中间补气涡旋式压缩机应用于地暖制热系统,以解决地暖制热系统在低温环境下制热性能不佳、机组运行不稳定等问题,并建立补气地暖样机实验系统,研究了在不同运行工况下中间补气地暖系统的压缩机排气温度、制热量、功耗及制热COP等参数,分析了中间补气地暖系统制热性能与常规热泵制热性能之间的关系。实验结果表明:当环境温度处于-20~7℃之间时,带中间补气系统的地暖机组的制热量相比于普通热泵平均提升约26.2%,制热COP平均提升约为8.7%,功耗仅平均增加约16%;当室外环境温度为-20℃时,压缩机排气温度降低了12℃。可见采用中间补气技术的地暖系统在低能耗的条件下更能满足低环境温度的需求。     

空气源热泵自然冷源过冷制热性能实验研究

冬季我国北方室外环境蕴含大量天然冷源,热力学分析表明热泵工质过冷释放的热量可以在蒸发器的等温吸热过程中获得补偿。为了研究大气自然冷源对热泵制热性能的影响,增设室外过冷器,搭建利用自然冷源过冷的空气源热泵实验装置。实验结果表明：当室外环境温度大于0 ℃,冷凝温度小于45 ℃的条件下,自然冷源过冷对热泵制热量与制热COP影响均较小,系统制热量维持在6.22 ~ 6.70 kW,制热COP维持在3.03,压缩机排气温度维持在103 ℃以下;当室外环境温度小于 -10 ℃,冷凝温度大于50 ℃时,随过冷度的增加,压缩机功率增加、排气温度显著增高,系统制热量呈先缓慢增加后减小趋势,制热COP降至2.3。基于上述研究提出一种空气源热泵过冷融霜新型除霜方式,融霜同时不停止制热。     

闪发器热泵系统设计及试验研究

提出一种带有平行流换热器的闪发器热泵系统,在高温工况下利用平行流换热器对系统的控制电路板进行冷却。通过标准焓差实验室对不同工况下系统的性能进行测试,结果表明:在制热工况下,系统的制热量、功耗和制热COP分别对应一个最佳中间压力;随着环境温度的升高,其制热COP逐渐增大,但与常规热泵系统相比,其增加的幅度逐渐减小;当室外环境温度高于7℃时,其COP反而比常规热泵系统低,由此可见,该系统在低温环境下具有更优的制热性能;在高温制冷工况下,采用平行流换热器冷却控制电路板,可以使压缩机频率降低的幅度减小,从而间接增加制冷量,但压缩机的不可逆损失增大,造成系统的功耗增加,制冷EER减小,排气温度上升。     

R404A单机双级与R404A/R23复叠式制冷系统对比分析

通过建立双级压缩制冷系统和复叠式压缩制冷系统热力学模型,在冷凝温度40℃,蒸发温度为-65℃条件下,分析不同的中间温度对两种制冷系统压缩机轴功率,制冷剂流量以及制冷系数等性能参数的影响,并对两种制冷系统的实际运行费用进行了比较。结果表明:在相同的工况下,双级压缩式压缩机轴功率、R404A制冷剂质量流量低于复叠式;而双级压缩制冷系统COP(制冷性能系数)高于复叠式。在冷凝温度为40℃,蒸发温度为-65℃,中间温度为-14℃时,与复叠式制冷系统相比双级压缩式制冷系统全年运行节能可达13%。理论研究表明在-65℃的超低温工况下,双级压缩式制冷系统更具有优势。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...