新型组合翅片换热器数值研究

通过对传统多排管翅式换热器的研究分析,提出第1排为平片且后部为开缝翅片的新型组合翅片换热器,并对传统和新型组合翅片2种形式换热器内的空气流动和换热进行数值分析。结果表明,新型组合翅片换热器的综合换热性能比传统翅片的提升5％～8％。     

组合管径圆弧翅片换热性能的数值模拟

针对空调器室内机换热器空气侧的流动和换热问题,利用FLUENT软件,本文研究了开缝圆弧翅片以及组合管径开缝圆弧翅片对换热器的换热量和空气侧压降的影响,并与原开缝三折翅片换热器进行比较。结果表明,开缝圆弧翅片换热器的换热量大于原开缝三折翅片换热器,而空气侧压降略有增大。随着小管径数量增大,开缝圆弧翅片换热器的换热量逐渐减小,但压降也逐渐减小。相比于开缝三折翅片换热器,当开缝圆弧翅片换热器为10根小管时,其压降增大5%左右,但换热量却有2%左右的提高,且铜管材料节省了14.5%,有很好的应用前景。     

翅片结构对翅片管换热器积灰与压降影响的实验研究

积灰对具有不同翅片结构的翅片管换热器均会造成长效性能的衰减。本文搭建了换热器积灰可视化实验台,研究了翅片结构对积灰量及积灰后空气侧压降的影响。测试样件的翅片类型包括平直翅片、波纹翅片和开窗翅片;翅片间距范围为1.3~1.8 mm。实验结果表明:开窗翅片管换热器表面最容易沉积粉尘并增大积灰后压降,与平直翅片相比,波纹翅片和开窗翅片表面粉尘沉积量分别提高了25.6%和52.8%、积灰后压降增量分别提高了44.4%和165.6%;对于开窗翅片,小翅片间距有利于积灰并增大积灰后压降,与翅片间距1.8 mm的样件相比,翅片间距1.5 mm和1.3 mm的样件表面粉尘沉积量分别提高了26.2%和43.2%、积灰后压降增量分别提高了24.1%和49.4%;在积灰过程中,随着粉尘沉积量的增加,翅片管换热器空气侧压降先增大后保持稳定。     

凸环翅片及其在热泵型空调器中的应用

提出一种应用于热泵型空调器的凸环翅片结构。通过CFD模拟,分析波纹翅片、开缝翅片和凸环翅片的传热性能,对翅片进行优化设计。换热器能力测试显示,凸环翅片管式换热器的换热能力,在冷凝工况和蒸发工况下,分别比波纹翅片管式换热器提升3%~5%和2.5%,比开缝翅片管式换热器降低0.8%和0.5%。空调整机测试结果显示,采用凸环翅片管式换热器可实现用单排换热器替代1.5排或2排换热器,降低换热器成本的效果。     

对流-辐射型墙面板换热器供热性能模拟

提出一种结构简单,可实现对流换热和辐射换热一体化的对流-辐射型墙面板换热器,建立其供热模型并进行试验验证,分析翅片高度、翅片间距和管中心距等对供热性能的影响。研究结果表明,3个结构参数对换热器供热性能均有一定影响:当翅片高度由20 mm增大到30 mm时,墙面板换热器单位面积总换热量增加11.9%;翅片间距由10 mm增大到20 mm,管中心距由30 mm增大到45 mm时,墙面板换热器单位面积换热量分别减少9.2%和4.3%。     

凹印机换热器结构性能的优化

目的大幅度优化凹印机的工作性能,为干燥箱提供持续稳定的热源。方法依据流体力学与传热学理论对换热器进行仿真分析,研究翅片管换热器的换热效率与翅片高度、翅片间距、换热管排列方式的映射关系。结果换热器的换热效率随翅片间距的增加而减少,选择3 mm间距时效果较优,较低的翅片高度使换热器结构更加紧凑;在正三角形、转角正三角形、正方形、转角正方形排列方式中,正三角形排列方式出口温度均匀且换热效率最高。结论选取凹印机换热器的结构时尽量选择翅片间距小、翅片高度低、正三角形排列的换热器,为企业选用最优性能的换热器提供理论依据。     

攻击角对纵向涡错排椭圆管板式翅片强化传热的影响

利用萘升华传质/传热比拟实验方法,研究了纵向涡产生器攻击角对椭圆管板式翅片换热和阻力特性的影响,分析了纵向涡错排椭圆管板式翅片换热器在不同纵向涡产生器的攻击角时的传热与阻力特性,为换热器设计提供了一定的理论依据.     

整体翅片式微通道换热器的数值模拟

采用CFD数值模拟的方法,对整体翅片式微通道换热器空气侧的流动与传热特性进行研究,用场协同的原理分析翅片参数(长度、高度、间距)对换热器性能的影响,并与传统微通道换热器空气侧性能进行对比。结果表明:在考查的翅片尺寸范围内,随着翅片长度的缩短、高度的增加、间距的减小,温度场和速度场的协同性随之改善,有利于换热效果的提高;与传统的微通道换热器相比,整体翅片式微通道换热器空气侧换热性能变差,但是阻力大大降低,总体性能有所改善。     

采用窗片的5 mm管换热器在湿工况下换热性能的实验研究

在湿工况下,对11个采用百叶窗翅片的5 mm管换热器进行了实验研究,并分析了翅片间距、进口空气相对湿度等因素对空气侧换热性能的影响。研究结果表明:换热量随翅片间距的增加而减小,且比7 mm管或更大管径换热器更明显;换热量受进口空气相对湿度的影响小;在翅片底部出现水桥,而在7 mm管或者更大管径换热器中不曾出现。根据实验数据开发了预测5 mm翅片管换热器换热性能的j因子关联式,误差在士20%以内。     

空调换热器长期运行性能衰减的加速实验研究

为研究长期积尘对空调室外机性能衰减的影响,本文采用对空调室外换热器进行加速测试方法,在高粉尘浓度环境下短时间积尘模拟实际空调在低粉尘浓度下长期运行时的积尘效果,从而加快换热器的积尘进程以达到加速测试的目的。基于上述方法搭建了换热器加速测试实验台,对具有不同翅片结构与管排数的3种换热器样件进行2～10 h的加速积尘测试,预测其在室外运行1～5年后的性能衰减效果。测试结果表明:空调换热器使用5年后,1排管波纹翅片换热器、2排管波纹翅片换热器和2排管平直翅片换热器的压降增幅分别为21.8%、29.5%和25.0%,换热量衰减率分别为11.2%、19.3%和18.0%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...