Improved Electrochemical Performance of Surface-Modified Metal Hydride Electrodes

A novel plating process was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the MH/Ni batteries. The electrode was plated with a thin nickel film about 0.1 μm thick by using multi-arc ion plating technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the electrodes. Influence of the surface modification on the performance of the MH/Ni batteries was studied. It is shown that the surface modification could enhance the electrode conductivity and decrease the batteries ohimic resistance by 28.2%. After surface modification, the discharge capacity of the batteries at 5C (8.5 A) is increased by 212 mA·h and discharge voltage is increased by 0.09 V. The surface modification also improves the cyclic durability of the batteries. The inner pressure of the batteries with modified electrode during overcharging is much lower than that with unmodified electrode. The experimental results demonstrate that this process is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of MH/Ni batteries.     

Effect of sulphate-reducing bacteria on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characteristics of 1Cr18Ni9Ti

The electrochemical characteristics of 1Cr18Ni9Ti in sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) solutions and the biofilm of SRB on the surface of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti electrode were studied by electrochemical, microbiological, and surface analysis methods. Electro- chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of 1Cr18Ni9Ti was measured in the solutions with and without SRB at the culture time of 2, 4, 8 d, respectively. The measurement used two test methods, the nonimmersion electrode method and the immersion electrode method. It was found that the polarization resistance (Rp) of 1Cr18Ni9Ti in the solutions without SRB is the greatest for each test method. When using the nonimmersion electrode method, Rp shifts negatively at first and then positively, and the time constant is only one. Although using the immersion electrode method, the Rp shifts positively at first and then negatively, and the time constant also changes when the biofilm forms. The biofilm observed through SEM is with pores. It was demonstrated that SRB has acceler- ated corrosion action on 1Cr18Ni9Ti. The protection effect of the biofilm on the electrode depends on the compact degree of the film.     

Stress analytical solution for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform distributed pressure

The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common cases.Stress analytical method for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform pressure on the outer surface and uniform radial pressure on the inner surface is given.The power series method of complex function is used.The stress analytical solution is obtained with the assumption that two layers of a cylinder are fully contacted.The distributions of normal and tangential contact stress along the interface,tangential stress on the inner boundary and stresses in the radial direction at θ=0,45 and 90,are obtained.An example indicates that,when the elastic modulus of the inner layer of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder is smaller than that of the outer layer,the tangential stress is smaller than that in the corresponding point for a traditional cylinder composed of homogeneous materials.In that way,stress concentration at the inner surface can be alleviated and the stress distribution is more uniform.This is a capable way to enhance the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of thick-walled cylinder.     

Preparation of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Catalyzed by Modified Gamma Alumina

A promising catalytic material, modified gamma alumina with high surface area (300m2/g )and higher contents of strong acid sites was developed. It was prepared by a special precipitation method with aluminum nitrate solution containing a certain amounts of orthosilicic acid and ammonia aqueous solution. Compared with commercial gamma alumina, the modified gamma alumina is an effective catalyst for dehydration of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to 3,4-Dihydro- 2 H-pyran. Under the optimized reaction conditions, an improved yield of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran of 93.4% was achieved. The profiles of pyridine TPD slow that the modified gamma alumina exhibits more strong acid sites than that in the commercial gamma alumina, indicating the strong acid sites on the surface of the catalyst may play a crucial role in this reaction.     

Performance of a combined capacitor based on ultrafine nickel oxide／carbon nanotubes composite electrodes

A new sol-gel process for the preparation of ultrafine nickel hydroxide electrode materials was developed. The composite electrodes consisting of carbon nanotubes and Ni(OH)2 were developed by mixing the hydroxide and carbon nanotubes together in different mass ratios. In order to enhance energy density, a combined type pseudocapacitor/electric double layer capacitor was considered and its electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and dc charge/discharge test. The combined capacitor shows excellent capacitor behavior with an operating voltage up to 1.6 V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Stable charge/discharge behaviors were observed with much higher specific capacitance values of 24 F/g compared with that of EDLC (12 F/g) by introducing 60% Ni(OH)2 in the anode material. By using the modified anode of a Ni(OH)E/Carbon nanotubes composite electrode, the specific capacitance of the cell was less sensitive to discharge current density compared with that of the capacitor employing pure nickel hydroxide as anode. The combined capacitor in this study exhibits high energy density and stable power characteristics.     

Surface modification of up-conversion luminescence material Na[Y_(0.57)Yb_(0.39)Er_(0.04)]F_4 with hydrosulfide group

A new method was reported for surface modification of an up-conversion luminescence material with hydrosulfide group. The factors that may influence the surface modification,such as reaction time,amount of catalyzer and modifier,and reaction solvent,were investigated. The optimal conditions were that the reaction time,the quantity of the basic catalyzer,the quantity of modifier and the volume of reaction solvent were 40 min,1.0,1.0,and 40 mL,respectively. The results indicated that hydrosulfide group content modified on the surface of up-conversion luminescence material reached to 0.1430 mmol/g,and this modified up-conversion luminescence material could be widely used in the study of structure of protein and the property of microenvironment.     

Surface Modification of Hydroxyapatite by Using γ-aminopropyl Silane

Surface modification of hydroxyapatite( HA) powder was performed with r-aminopropyi silane in toluent solvent. The modification effects were characterized by using XPS and FT-IR methods . The results indicated that the P2p electron binding energy of the modified HA decreases 0.4 eV compared to that of HA . Furthermore , a new peak, 998cm-1 absorption appeared in IR differential spectra of modified HA and HA, which is due to a stretching vibration of structure P-O-Si, meaning that a direct covalent bonding between hydroxyl group on HA surface and the organic silane molecule was realized after modification, and the chemical bonding type was P- O-Si. The formation of the above structure suggested that the more effective interfacial adhesion between the modified HA and polymer matrix could be carried out.     

Effect of Overcharge on Electrochemical Performance of Sealed-Type Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries

The effects of overcharge on electrochemical performance of AA size sealed-type nickel/metal hydride（Ni/MH） batteries and its degradation mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that the relationship between the effects of different overcharge currents on the increasing velocity of inner pressure and the degradation velocity of cycle life and discharge voltage remains in almost direct proportion. After overcharge cycles, the positive electrode materials remain the original structure, but there occur some breaks because of the irreversible expand of crystal lattice. And the negative electrode alloy particles have inconspicuous pulverization, but are covered with lots of corrosive products and its main component is rare earth hydroxide or oxide. These are all the main reasons leading to the degradation behavior of the discharge capacity and cycle life of Ni/MH batteries.     

Surface modification of fire-retardant asphalt with silane coupling agent

The theory and approach of the surface modified of asphalt fire-retardant with silane coupling agent were introduced.The optimum silane dosage was determined,and the structure and properties of the asphalt fire-retardant before and after the surface modification were characterized by infrared spectrum and thermo gravimetric analysis.The dispersion effect of asphalt fire-retardant was studied.The influence of the surface modification on the hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of the asphalt fire-retardant was analyzed.The experimental results showed that there were physical and chemical interactions between the silane coupling agent and the asphalt fire-retardant,which reduced the surface polarity of the asphalt fire retardant.The optimum silane coupling agent dosage was 0.95% of the asphalt fire retardant.The surface modification improved the thermal stability,dispersibility and lipophilicity of the asphalt fire retardant,which enhanced the compatibility between asphalt fire retardant and asphalt.     

Performance of a 60 F carbon nanotubes-based supercapacitor for hybrid power sources

A supercapacitor based on charge storage at the interface between a high surface area carbon nanotube electrode and a Li-ClO4/PC electrolyte was assembled. The performance of the capacitor depends on not only the material used in the cell but also the construction of the cell. From a constant charge-discharge test, the capacitance of 60 F was obtained. The performance of the power capacitor for pulse power sources was described. The specific energy (0.8 W·h·kg-1) and the specific power (0.75 kW·kg-1) of the power supercapacitor were demonstrated with a cell of the maximum operating voltage of 2.5 V. A hybrid power source consisting of a lithium ionic battery and the 60 F supercapacitor was demonstrated to power successfully a simulated power load encountered in GSM portable communication equipment. The addition of the supercapacitor to the power train of a cellular phone results in significantly more energy from the battery being used by the load. The experiments indicate that more than 33.8% energy i     

模糊控制的镍氢镍镉电池充电系统研究

为了实现充电过程的智能控制,在研究镍镉、镍氢电池充电特性的基础上,用模糊控制技术对充电过程进行智能控制.以DS87C550单片机为控制核心,设计了一种针对镍镉、镍氢电池的智能充电系统.实验结果表明,该系统可对电池的复杂充电过程进行自适应控制,充电快速、效率高,充电安全,实现了充电过程的智能控制.     

混合动力汽车电池管理系统

针对长安混合动力轿车,研究了镍氢动力电池及其管理系统,建立了镍氢蓄电池的数学模型;同时对电池管理系统的总体结构、电源电路、采样电路以及检测电路进行了设计和研究,并通过Bitrode实验测量电源系统电压、电流以及SOC等,对管理系统的性能进行模拟,提高了系统的可靠性和测量精度。     

离子掺杂和碳修饰对Li_2FeSiO_4结构和性能的影响

采用高温固相反应方法合成锂离子电池正极Li_2Fe_(1-x-y)Mn_xNi_ySiO_4/C复合材料,并采用X-ray线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和电化学分析方法,研究了Ni和Mn离子共掺杂及碳修饰复合改性对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明,复合改性没有对材料的晶体结构造成改变,镍锰离子共掺杂和表面碳包覆能有效提高材料的比容量和循环性能;以C/32倍率充放电,复合掺杂得到的Li_2Fe_(0.6)Mn_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)SiO_4/C材料样品的电化学性能最优,根据实测结果,该复合材料的首次放电比容量达到149 m Ah·g~(-1),充放电循环10次以后容量保持率仍有95.3%。     

碳微米螺旋纤维的电化学特性研究

用碳螺旋纤维作锂离子电池的电极,选择金属锂片作为对电极和参比电极,系统地测量其极化过程中的充放电曲线、循环性能以及电化学阻抗谱.结果表明：首次放电比容量为304.06mAh/g,首次充电比容量为184.87mAh/g,不可逆比容量为119.19mAh/g;循环实验显示,该材料第150周放电比容量达到170mAh/g,为第2周的80%,循环性能良好,这与碳螺旋纤维的大比表和中空结构密切相关;首次放电阻抗谱显示,当电极电位位于1.2～0.6V时,电解液与螺旋纤维间的固体电解质相界面膜（简称SEI膜）开始生长,所形成的SEI膜性质稳定,这也为维护循环稳定性提供有力保障.     

镍氢电池充放电终止指标的实验研究

进行了镍氢电池的充放电实验,检测了电池工作时的电压、容量、温度和内阻,绘制了相应的曲线.上述4个参数的变化显著程度不同.借助曲线,讨论了镍氢电池充放电终止指标的确定原则.充电时,电池电压、容量和电池的温度可作为终止指标.放电时,电池的电压、容量和内阻可作为终止指标.总体而言,用容量作为充放电的终止指标比较准确,由此提出了以电池容量作为充放电终止指标的建议,所得到的结论对不同容量的镍氢电池具有参考意义.     

Development and Electrochemical Testing of Novel Bipolar Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries

With the enhancement of consciousness of envi-ronmental protection and the increasing exhaustion ofoil resources,study on electric vehicles(EV)or hy-brid electric vehicles(HEV)are being actively con-ductedin the countries worldwide[1-3].Ni/MHbat-tery is p…     

Bioleaching of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries by Acidithiobacilli spp

The Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(At.f) and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At.t) were used in bio-dissolution experiments of heavy metals in spent MH/Ni batteries. The influences of the initial pH value,the concentration of electrode materials,the temperature and substrate concentration on the leaching rate of heavy metal Ni,Co have been investigated. The obtained results indicate that the efficiency of nickel extraction and cobalt extraction is dependent on all of the mentioned factors. Especially,the initial pH value and the temperature have more effect than other factors for these microorganisms. In addition,the results show that the optimal leaching rate of Ni and Co in the spent MH/Ni batteries reaches to 95.7% and 72.4% respectively after 20 days under the conditions of the initial pH value 1.0,concentration of electrode materials 1.0%,temperature 30 ℃ and substrate(sulfur) concentration 4.0 g·L-1.