基于TOPSIS模型与多维结构的中国城镇化质量空间分异及影响分析

从人口、经济、土地、社会和生态5个维度构建中国城镇化质量评价体系,引入熵技术下的TOPSIS模型、空间自相关分析和空间计量模型对2016年中国289个地级及以上城市城镇化综合质量、空间格局与影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)人口城镇化高质量分布于京津冀、珠三角、长三角城市群,经济城镇化发展内部差异大,土地城镇化以及生态城镇化表现为珠三角城市群发展质量最佳,社会城镇化发展整体质量较高。(2)高质量类型城市集聚在中国主要城市群地区,聚集弱、分散强、质量低等城镇化现象明显。(3)综合质量呈现较弱的全局自相关性,高值区分布在3大主要城市群,低值区在西北地区连片聚集。(4)影响因素分析表明,金融能力和财政水平是影响城镇化质量的主要因素。     

关于我国城市化进程若干问题的思考

关于我国城市化进程若干问题的思考赵士修党的十四届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和２０１０年远景目标的建议》，是实现国家富强、民族振兴，胜利跨入２１世纪的宏伟纲领。今后１５年，是我国社会主义现代化建设征程中极为重要的时期...     

Multifamily housing and resident life satisfaction in Europe: an exploratory analysis

Much of the literature on sustainable communities and compact cities calls for higher density housing including multifamily dwellings. Some researchers suggest problems with such dwellings. However, rigorous comparative research on this topic has not been conducted to date. This paper draws on a high quality, comparative data-set, the European Social Survey, to analyse (a) the quality of multifamily dwellings in European urban areas, (b) the characteristics of residents, (c) their life satisfaction compared with those living in detached housing and (d) the relative importance of built form in explaining life satisfaction. One of the main findings from the multivariate analyses is that residing in multifamily housing is not a statistically significant predictor of life satisfaction when you control for standard predictors of life satisfaction and housing and neighbourhood quality. Overall, the findings provide support for both place-based and people-based responses to urban regeneration. Both physical and social regeneration are required, addressing the education/training needs of residents and economic development strategies.     

Walled cities and urban density in China

We analyse a sample of nearly 300 prefectural-level cities in China, among which about half historically had city walls. We document that cities that had walls in late imperial China have higher population and employment density today, despite that their walls have long gone. Using data from various sources, we test whether a historically walled city's higher density can be explained by a historical urban core, a different industry composition, a different local geography, a compact urban shape, or more valuable rural land in surrounding areas. We find that historically walled cities still have higher density after taking into account all of these factors, which we interpret as evidence of economic persistence.     

Rethinking cities in the Middle East: political economy, planning, and the lived space

Urbanisation is an economic, political, and socio-cultural complexity, and so is its interaction with cityscapes. However, this truism rarely finds an expression in academic research. It is obvious that economic transitions would determine the quality and volume of the built environment. Municipal and state decision making further shape the nature of urban spaces, and socio-cultural transformations influence perceived notions of the lived space and, in turn, reshape the physical landscape itself. Nevertheless, research on cities in the Middle East and elsewhere remains fairly limited in scope, with little cross-discipline 'conversation' among scholars in different fields which attempts to account for such complexity. This is all the more surprising as life in cities has become, over the past half century or so, the most significant form of human collective dwelling; in the Middle East over half the population currently lives in urban settings and the numbers are forecast to grow in the future.1

This review article is the result of a dialogue between an architect and an economic historian in response to the foregoing. We have united in an attempt to offer a more integrative approach to Middle East urbanism, accounting for the interactions of the political economy of this region, planning, and the lived space. The key questions on which we focus are why and how do state transformation and economic structural change impact upon urban space. In seeking the answers we examine the long-term trajectory of cities as they went through the first period of globalisation under imperial intervention and/or direct colonial rule; gradually came under independent, inward-looking, national regimes; and presently experience the second wave of globalisation and the opening of local economies to international markets. Such a narrative explores common themes in the historical trajectories of cities' lives.

Our long-term, geographically extensive overview (Map 1) is bound to miss some specific developments that have made a significant impact on the transformations of cities in the region; our aim is not to totalise Middle East experiences and reduce a variety of narratives to a simplistic linear model of change. Even more so, our study of the Middle East is mostly focused on Egypt, the Asian Arab countries (the mashraq), Israel/Palestine, and Turkey, the geographical unit which roughly corresponded with the Ottoman Empire, the last state to control the Middle East before the age of nations. We acknowledge that any bird's eye view perspective is bound to do some injustice to historically specific contexts, and city transitions that occurred in such contexts. We would welcome any future work that brings our suggestion here, namely to integrate political economy with the study of urban development and city life, to bear on more specific research on urbanism in the Middle East.     

多尺度时空PM 2.5 分布特征、影响要素、方法演进的综述及 城市规划展望

精细化治理空气污染正成为改善城 市品质的重点方向,对城市多尺度PM 2.5 时 空格局与影响要素的梳理有助于从研究和 实践层面加强规划设计对公共健康的积极 影响。本文从全国、城市、社区层面较全面 地阐述了不同时空尺度下PM 2.5 的时空格局 特征,总结了土地格局、交通网络、建成环 境、蓝绿空间等不同影响因素与城市空气中 PM 2.5 的相互关联耦合作用。同时,本文分析了不同的研究方法在精细化污染治理中的应用,指出人工智能方法在高精度尺度下的时空复 杂特征融合分析中的优势。最后,结合现有的城市PM 2.5 治理经验,对精细化目标下分时分区 的城市规划提出展望：基于提升精确度的新技术方法,优化城市空间结构,构建精细化分时 分区管理策略。     

美国城市地区划定方法及其演变对我国的启示

科学合理的城乡地域划分能够更真实地反映城乡人口特征和城镇化水平,进而支持城乡和社会经济政策的科学制定。然而,我国的城乡划分和城市地区划定一直以行政地域为界线,难以适应城乡空间发展的复杂特征和真实地反映城乡人口情况,也会影响到社会经济政策的客观性和合理性。美国的城市地区划定经过百余年的发展,不仅在演变过程中不断适应城市在不同发展阶段出现的新特征,而且如今已充分体现"实体地域"的概念,通过精细化的划定方法适应现代城市的复杂特征,对我国而言具有很多可借鉴之处。本文详细介绍了美国的城市地区划定标准、方法和演变历程,并从划定方法的动态演变、核心指标和精细化三方面探讨对我国的启示。     

国外慢城市生活研究进展及启示

近10年来,国外发达国家在慢餐、慢城、慢活等倡导性运动的基础上演绎出慢城市生活的研究,与低碳城市、人文城市、社会城市等理念一道成为城市研究的新领域。本文回溯了国外慢城市生活研究的缘起、慢城市联盟框架及实质,结合中国城市发展的实际,提出了以慢城市理念为基础的城市生活空间及阶层化生活行为方式的城市研究,目的在于抗衡我国城市化快速发展阶段的城市重经济发展轻社会生活及空间剥夺等生活不公平现象,构建人本、包容的城市生活空间及发展方向。     

大都市适老型整体环境规划应对研究——以武汉市为例

我国大都市正处于人口老龄化加速发展时期,本文以武汉市为例,在大都市老年人口发展趋势以及政策保障、生态环境、城市交通及养老设施等方面的现状分析基础上,提出我国大都市适老型城市整体环境的建设目标,并针对现状问题从提升城市尊老爱老社会环境、优化城市整体生态环境、建设适老交通体系、配置多级养老设施等方面,提出相应的规划应对措施,并通过构筑老年生活评估体系引导大都市老龄社会建设的持续更新与发展,从而构筑整体环境包容、健康、永续发展的适老型大都市。     

Compact city,urban sprawl,and subjective well-being

Understanding the role of the built environment in subjective well-being (SWB) can provide important input to urban planning debates on synergies and conflicts between environmental and social sustainability of cities. Hitherto, there is little empirical evidence on how SWB is shaped by compact versus low-density sprawled urban form. This paper investigates this topic using survey data collected in Oslo metropolitan area. In addition to SWB measures, the paper examines life domains as intermediate variables between urban form and SWB. Findings suggest that, compared with residents of lower-density neighborhoods, compact-city residents have higher levels of personal relationships satisfaction and perceived physical health, similar levels of leisure satisfaction, but lower levels of emotional response to neighborhood and higher levels of anxiety. Potential benefits of the compact city for personal relationships and physical health seem to be at least partially cancelled out by lower emotional response to neighborhood and increased anxiety. Compact urban form has nonsignificant associations with life satisfaction, eudaimonia, and happiness. However, when additionally controlling for variables relevant to urban problems – perceived safety, noise, and cleanliness – emotional response to compact neighborhoods becomes significantly positive and the impact of anxiety diminishes, resulting in a significant positive association of compactness with life satisfaction. This study's outcomes are encouraging for urban sustainability as they indicate that moderately high-density development does not negatively influence SWB, as is often claimed, and that by addressing problems such as fear of crime, noise, and litter, it has the potential to promote SWB.     

基于新标准的中国城市规模等级结构演变研究

城市规模等级结构反映了城市发育的基本特征,是全国城镇体系规划编制的基础工作。传统研究多采用户籍城区非农业人口数据,忽视人口流动,存在统计偏差。普查数据中城区人口的统计口径接近城市实体概念,应成为今后判断城市人口规模的主要指标。基于统计口径校正后的第五次、第六次人口普查城区人口数据,运用集中度和贡献率分析了2000-2010年我国城市规模等级结构和空间分布的演变规律。研究表明:大中小城市人口规模变化不协调,大城市数量少,但规模比重大、增速快、增长贡献率高,中小城市数量众多,但规模比重小、增速相对缓慢、贡献率较低,提高中小城市的人口吸纳能力应当成为今后城市化发展的重要方向;城市规模等级变化活跃,晋级、晋档城市的城市建设跟进和降档城市的人口收缩问题应当得到关注;分省尺度下城市规模等级结构存在明显的空间差异,东部省份城市规模提升速度明显高于中西部省份,城市政策制定应考虑不同类型省份的城市规模结构特点。     

Evaluating cities' vitality and identifying ghost cities in China with emerging geographical data

With the rapid urbanization of China, plenty of new urban lands have been developed with the great expectation to deal with all kinds of issues in old urban areas such as high population density, great demand on limited land resources, and decaying environment. However, a great proportion of vacancy in these newly developed units leads to the undesired observation of ghost cities. Lacking of clear and effectively evaluation criterion, the understanding of ghost cities in China is then rather limited. Considering the fact of ghost cities, we borrow the theory of urban vitality to identify and evaluate ghost cities in this paper. We argue that ghost cities are associated with very low urban vitality. In the light of big/open data, we are able to profile ghost cities of China based on 535,523 recent project-level residential developments from 2002 to 2013. We use the national-wide and million magnitude road junctions, points of interest and location based service records of 2014/2015 for measuring the morphological, functional and social vitality of each residential project. We then aggregate the project level evaluation results into the city level and thirty ghost cities are then identified by comparing the residential projects' vitality in the old (developed before or in 2000) and new (developed after 2000) urban areas in each city. Our profiling results illustrate the big picture of China's past residential developments, and then of ghost cities. We find the average vitality of residential projects in new urban areas is only 8.8% of that in old urban areas, denoting the potential existence of ghost cities in newly developed areas in Chinese cities. We have also benchmarked our identified ghost cities with existing rankings, the Baidu searching engine and night-time light images. Although we admit that ghost cities may exist in the particular urbanizing phase of China and that some ghost cities now may be well developed in the future, this study provides a thorough evaluation on the ghost city condition in China. This may shed light on policy implications for Chinese urban development.     

Investigating the urbanerural integrated town development strategy on the basis of the study of rural forms in Nantong,China

Urbanerural integrated development is the priority task of China due to the wide development gap between cities and villages caused by the most rapid economic growth in history. In the province-city-town-village administrative system of China, town, as the smallest urban form, is the social, economic, and cultural center of a rural area and becomes the key to many development problems. An improved township enhances living standards and creates numerous jobs in rural areas, and it will provide opportunities for urbanerural sustainable integration. This paper introduces three typical rural forms in Nantong and demonstrates the objective fact that rural form is an important manifestation of residents’ living habits, historical context, and the regional characteristics of rural areas. Then, this study aims to find the close inner relationship between rural form and town development through a comparative study of morphological indicators. Therefore, on the basis of full understanding of rural forms, this study proposes that town development from the perspective of serving the countryside, improving the quality of life of rural residents, and protecting the rural landscape texture with regional characteristics is the development mode conforming to the spirit of sustainable development.     

中国城市增长的类型及影响因素:基于人口和经济增长同步性的讨论

人口和经济的增长是城市增长最重要的两个方面。在城市的不同发展阶段,人口和经济的增长并不总是同步的,其增长的相对差异会体现为不同的城市增长型式。以中国地级及地级以上城市为研究对象,基于人口-经济增长的同步性划分中国城市的增长类型,并分析不同类型城市的增长特征及影响因素。研究发现,不同增长类型的城市反映了不同发展阶段的城市发展特征。城市发展初期,以显著的经济增长为特征,工业发展和地方专业化是城市经济增长的核心,而随着城市规模扩大,劳动生产率的提升不断吸引人口迁入和增长,人口和经济增长逐步实现良性互动,城市增长的正反馈机制形成。当城市达到较大规模时,城市经济的驱动逐步由工业转向服务业,城市经济转型,从生产型城市向消费型城市转变,经济的多样化和地方品质的提升成为驱动城市增长的核心。基于人口一经济增长同步性划分的城市增长类型有助于理解我国城市增长的路径,不同增长类型的城市应根据自身所处的发展阶段制定差异化的发展策略。     

城市化与城市现代化

由乡村社会向城市社会的转化是我国目前正在经历的社会转型的主旋律。本文通过实证、分析后指出,我国的城市化进程已步入快速发展期是不容否认的事实,并且认为在我国城市化问题所面对的艰巨性与紧迫性的客观情况下,我们必须走一条有中国特色的城市化道路。城市化进程不仅是城市数量和城市人口数量与比例的增长,更重要的是城市质量的提高。积极发展小城镇并不能等同于城市化,也不能代替城市现代化。对现有城市的现代化建设和质的提高是我们必须正视的重要使命。     

Investigating the urban-rural integrated town development strategy on the basis of the study of rural forms in Nantong,China

Urban-rural integrated development is the priority task of China due to the wide development gap between cities and villages caused by the most rapid economic growth in his-tory.In the province-city-town-village administrative system of China,town,as the smallest urban form,is the social,economic,and cultural center of a rural area and becomes the key to many development problems.An improved township enhances living standards and creates numerous jobs in rural areas,and it will provide opportunities for urban-rural sustainable integration.This paper introduces three typical rural forms in Nantong and demonstrates the objective fact that rural form is an important manifestation of residents'living habits,his-torical context,and the regional characteristics of rural areas.Then,this study aims to find the close inner relationship between rural form and town development through a comparative study of morphological indicators.Therefore,on the basis of full understanding of rural forms,this study proposes that town development from the perspective of serving the countryside,improving the quality of life of rural residents,and protecting the rural landscape texture with regional characteristics is the development mode conforming to the spirit of sustainable devel-opment.     

Visions,scale, tempo,and form in China’s emerging city-regions

In the last three decades the percentage of China’s population living in cities has nearly tripled and this massive urbanization is continuing. This paper examines three aspects of recent and projected Chinese urban development: scale, tempo, and form in relation to urban visions. Issues Western urban theorists like Ebenezer Howard, Albert Soria y Mata, Frank Lloyd Wright, LeCorbusier, and Clarence Perry addressed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are fundamental: city size, the relationship of cities to peri-urban areas, the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, transportation infrastructure and land use, urban governance and finance, property rights, aesthetics, and community. As China struggles to plan cities with Chinese characteristics it must work at scales ranging from small towns to megacities, decide how rapidly to urbanize under enormous pressure, and determine the physical forms urbanization will take. Understanding and adapting Western visions can help.     

我国西南山地城市规划适应性理论研究的一些思考

中国是一个多山的国家,全国2/3的土地、森林、矿产、水能等资源集中于山地。西南地区是人口、民族、资源、地域文化丰富而多样的典型山地区域。国家统筹区域发展和城镇化西部推进战略的实施,西南山地城市（镇）规划与建设显露出理论指导乏力和基础研究薄弱,导致惯性走入“建设性破坏”的误区,造成城乡环境资源、地域文化特色、物质空间形态极大损失。进入新世纪以来,西部地区的城市化发展逐步跃上台阶,“重庆-成都”城市密集的经济发展成为了西部地区重要的经济增长极。创新研究西南山地城市（镇）规划适应性理论与方法,业已成为具有国家高度和重要学术价值的科学问题。论文针对西南山地土地资源稀缺性与生态环境脆弱性的人居建设,城市、建筑空间多维性和自然、人文内涵丰富性的人居环境品质追求,提出指导西南地区城市（镇）规划与建设的适应理论研究目标：山地城镇化适应性理论及发展模式,流域人居环境建设的生态理论及减灾防灾,山地城市（镇）有机更新理论与历史文化遗产保护,山地城市（镇）建设适应性新技术支撑体系。论文拟建立对西南山地城市（镇）规划理论研究的思考并对我国山地城市规划与建设的工作有所指导。     

Role of bazaars as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar

A city is a vital organism that lives and grows like other organisms. Therefore, implementing development plans that would provide a sense of unity and integration in relation to the city as a whole is necessary. Traditional Iranian architecture is full of samples evolved during the course of Iranian history that can serve as architectural paragons of the city. In Iran's traditional cities, a sense of unity exists in various urban areas. The traditional city of Isfahan is one of the most valuable samples and was selected as the case study in this research. Accordingly, the most important questions of this research are as follows: (1) What is the role of bazaars in creating a sense of unity in the traditional cities of Iran? (2) How do bazaars play out their role in the integration of these cities? This research focuses on the concept of a “traditional city” to determine the role of bazaars in such cities. The results show that bazaars are crucial in giving a sense of integrity to the concept of a traditional Iranian city. Bazaars provide cohesion among the different parts of cities, such as residential areas, as well as socio-political and trade centers. This condition means that traditional bazaars play two important roles in traditional cities: (1) they interconnect the different parts of the city's physical structure; and (2) the crucial role of bazaars in a city's social and cultural structure brings about unity among the citizens in the city. Bazaars as a unifying element connect the main urban functions and guarantee the city's economic and social life.     

The Egalitarian city: The restructuring of Amsterdam

Since the mid‐1970s, urban policy makers have responded to the pressures of fiscal crisis and unemployment by reducing expenditures and subsidizing business for the purpose of stimulating economic growth. The behaviour of urban governments largely corresponded with the argument of Paul Peterson that cities were forced to pursue economic growth at the expense of redistribution. Nevertheless, the response to economic forces, while generally in a market‐oriented direction, was not uniform within western cities. In particular, the Amsterdam municipality remains notable for its egalitarian policies when compared with London or New York. Housing policy has been a major instrument in maintaining the quality of life for the city's lower‐income population. Because subsidized housing units, as well as recipients of individual housing benefits, are scattered throughout the city, housing policy has sharply restricted spatial inequality of households by income. Moreover, the very large public subsidy involved in housing construction, by keeping rent levels low and thereby raising disposable income, has contributed substantially to popular welfare, mitigating class differentiation and thereby weakening resistance to residential integration of different income groups. This paper examines policies for physical and economic development in Amsterdam and their effect on social and spatial inequality. The conclusion briefly compares Amsterdam's trajectory with that of London and New York, then finally attempts to explain the continuing differences.