Further studies on flowing gas-solids suspensions in a tube at high angles of inclination

The flow of glass (0.571 mm) and canola seed (1.75 mm) particles entrained by air in a 31.8 mm i.d. conduit inclined at 72° or at 90° to the horizontal was studied. With glass particles a transition between a dilute and a dense phase was found at both orientations, but no transition point was found with canola seed particles. Plots of solids volume fraction versus solids flux in the dilute regime were curved, implying interparticle interactions were significant even at very low solids volume fractions. The velocity of canola seed particles in admixture with sand particles (0.186 mm) increased as the proportion of sand in the mixture increased. Finally, it was found that the oily film imparted by the canola seed particles to the sand particles significantly affected the behaviour of the sand particles in the dense regime.     

Hydrodynamics of a flowing gas-solids suspension in a tube at high angles of inclination

A study was made of pneumatic transport of particles of sand suspended in air in a 31.8 mm diameter Plexiglas tube inclined at either 72 or 90 degrees with respect to the horizontal plane. The solids holdup, pressure gradient and pressure drop fluctuations over a 4.55 m test section were measured as functions of the air velocity and the solids flux. Previously observed sudden changes in slope of plots of solids holdup versus solids flux at constant gas velocity in a vertical tube (Mok et al., 1989), which were identified as transition points between dilute and dense phases, were confirmed and extended to inclined tubes. Breaks were also found in plots of pressure drop fluctuations versus solids flux at constant gas velocity.     

竖直上升管中密相气力输送压降特性

研究了内径20 mm的竖直上升不锈钢管道中粉煤密相气力输送单位管长压降随输送参数的变化规律,并得到了Zenz相图。结果表明,在实验操作范围内管道压降主要由固相自身静压降和固相摩擦压降组成,气相产生的压降不超过总压降的1%;固相体积分数是影响压降变化的主要因素,并讨论了粉煤流速以及固相体积分数对固相静压降和摩擦压降的影响规律;考察了粉煤流速和固相体积分数对固相摩擦系数的影响,对实验数据拟合得到了固相摩擦系数的关系式,计算结果与实验值吻合较好。     

密相气力输送工艺在PVC粉体输送上的应用优势

介绍了两种PVC粉体输送工艺——密相气力输送工艺和稀相气力输送工艺,通过两者在投资、能耗、环保以及对产品质量影响等方面的对比,指出密相气力输送工艺在PVC粉体输送上更具有优势。     

低雷诺数下气固两相中浓稀相界面对微尺度曳力的影响及建模

采用具有二阶精度的浸没边界-格子玻尔兹曼法对低雷诺数下流体流经不同颗粒聚团结构的过程进行了解析到颗粒表面的直接数值模拟(PR-DNS)。结果显示在颗粒聚团表面的浓稀相界面处,传统的微观均匀BVK曳力模型[AIChE Journal, 2007, 53(2): 489-501]的预测结果与PR-DNS结果有明显的差别;同时文献中所构建的考虑界面影响的微观曳力模型(Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 2020, 128: 103266)也无法准确预测稀相固含率不为0的情况。因此,本工作提出了一种将界面附近网格分解求取曳力的方法。通过与不同颗粒聚团结构的PR-DNS结果及其他曳力模型预测结果对比发现,新模型不但在稀相固含率趋近于0时与文献中模型具有相近的预测能力,且在稀相固含率不为0时,具有明显优于文献模型的相关系数及拟合优度。     

密相气力输送物料流动状态分析及供料装置的选用

综述了低速密相气力输送中的相图和物料流动形态；介绍了密相输送供料装置（充气罐供料器、螺旋供料充气罐、高压旋转阀供料器）及其应用场合。同时简要分析了物料特性对密相气力输送的性能影响。     

Experimental study on the solid velocity in horizontal dilute phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders

The calculation reliability of pressure drop and gas-solid drag force in horizontal dilute phase pneumatic conveying strongly depends on the accuracy of gas-solid velocity correlation. However, there are limited studies on the solid velocity in horizontal dilute phase pneumatic conveying and it is important to further validate suitability of existing correlation of gas-solid velocity, especially for fine particles (such as pulverized coal). Consequently, in this paper, a negative pressure pneumatic conveying test rig is set up and two kinds of powders with different sizes are adopted. Optical fiber probe (OFP) was used to measure the volumetric solid concentration and particle velocity. The volumetric solid concentration was also calculated by using the measured particle velocity. The results show that the solid concentrations obtained by the two methods have good agreement, and discrepancy is within ± 20%. It was found the particle velocities are different in the upper and lower part of the cross-section in the horizontal pipe. However, the difference is generally no more than 2 m/s. The velocity difference will decrease with the increasing gas velocity, and increases with the solid mass flow rate. In the experimental condition of 0.06 mm < d_s < 0.35 mm, 1400 kg/m³ < ρ_s < 2600 kg/m³, the implicit correlation based on Yang's Unified Theory gives the best prediction of particle velocity among existing studies but still with noticeable discrepancy with the comparison of the present experimental data. By modifying the solid friction factor, an improved correlation of the particle velocity was obtained, which agrees better with the experimental data given in the present and literature studies.     

Estimation of particulate velocity components in pneumatic transport using pixel based correlation with dual plane ECT

This article presents a technique developed to estimate the velocity components of two phase solid/gas flow using electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). The pixel by pixel correlation method for consecutive frames in a given sensor plane has been used to trace the particle velocity profile in the transverse direction. The transverse movement of solid particles in slug flows has been reported recently in the literature. The transverse velocity of the particles is probably caused by the picking up mechanism experienced by single particles, to form a slug body. Rest of the particles following the slug forms a stationary layer thus exhibiting no transverse component. These phenomena have also been observed in earlier studies using high-speed video camera. The pixel-based correlation using ECT confirms these observations and also helps to detect the slugging phenomena. The same technique is implemented to trace the path of rotational motion of an object inside the sensor plane and also to detect the transverse motion of particulates in dilute phase vertical pneumatic conveying system. Both axial and transverse velocity components estimated by ECT are verified using Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA).     

Influence of liquid viscosity and bed porosity on two‐phase pressure drop in concurrent gas‐liquid upflow through packed beds

It was observed in the experimental investigations that the concurrent upflow of air‐Monoethanol amine system through the packed bed gave higher pressure drop in bubble flow regime than the air‐water system. But when the flow regime changed to spray flow, air‐water system showed higher pressure drop than the other. This phenomenon was observed for the two column packing used in this study. An attempt is made to explain this phenomenon.     

Ca3Mn2O7-layered perovskites: Effects of La- and Y-doping on phase stability,microstructure, and thermoelectric transport

We investigate phase stability, microstructure, and thermoelectric transport of polycrystalline bulk Ca_3−xR_xMn₂O₇ samples prepared by standard solid-state reaction, where R = Y or La and 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.33. Ab-initio calculations predict that Y-doping at Ca-sites should reduce the potential energy barrier for electron transport, as opposed to La-doping. We find that Y-doping prompts transformation from Ca₃Mn₂O₇ to Ca₂MnO₄, whereas La-doping is accompanied by no phase transformation. La-doping significantly hinders grain growth, for example, the average grain size decreases from 4.44 ± 0.24 to 1.20 ± 0.03 μm for x = 0 (undoped) and x = 0.33 upon La-doping, respectively. Electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients are measured for the temperature range of 300–1300 K, and analyzed in terms of the small polaron hopping model. We find that Y-doping reduces the activation energy for conduction compared to La-doping, for example, 43 and 63 meV, respectively. This suggests that Y reduces the energy barrier for polaron transport, in accordance with computational predictions. This trend is further supported by calculations of selected electronic, structural, and vibrational properties, highlighting the intriguing correlation between electronic transport governed by small polarons and elastic properties, thereby shedding light on charge transport and thermoelectric properties of such layered perovskites.     

Effect of the octadecyl acrylate concentration on the phase behavior of poly(octadecyl acrylate)/supercritical CO2 and C2H4 at high pressures

Pressure–composition isotherms were measured for the CO₂/octadecyl acrylate system at 45.0, 80.0, and 100.0°C and at pressures up to 307 bar. This system exhibited type I phase behavior with a continuous mixture‐critical curve. The solubility of octadecyl acrylate for the CO₂/octadecyl acrylate system increased as the temperature increased at a constant pressure. The experimental results for the CO₂/octadecyl acrylate system were modeled with the Peng–Robinson equation of state. A good fit of the data was obtained with the Peng–Robinson equation of state with one adjustable parameter for the CO₂/octadecyl acrylate system. Experimental cloud‐point data for the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/CO₂/octadecyl acrylate system were measured from 36 to 193°C and at pressures up to 2100 bar, and the added octadecyl acrylate concentrations were 11.9, 25.9, 28.0, 35.0, and 40.0 wt %. Poly(octadecyl acrylate) dissolved in pure CO₂ up to 250°C and 2100 bar. Also, adding 45.0 wt % octadecyl acrylate to the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/CO₂ solution significantly changed the phase behavior. This system changed the pressure–temperature slope of the phase‐behavior curves from an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) region to a lower critical solution temperature region as the octadecyl acrylate concentration increased. Cloud‐point data to 150°C and 750 bar were examined for poly(octadecyl acrylate)/C₂H₄/octadecyl acrylate mixtures at octadecyl acrylate concentrations of 0.0, 15.0, and 45.0 wt %. The cloud‐point curve of the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/C₂H₄ system was relatively flat at 730 bar between 41 and 150°C. The cloud‐point curves of 15.0 and 45.0 wt % octadecyl acrylate exhibited positive slopes extending to 35°C and approximately 180 bar. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 372–380, 2002