Mikrobielle Sensoren auf Basis von Respirationsmessungen

Microbial sensors based on respiration measurements. Microbial sensors based on the direct contact of microbe and a transducer convert the chemical composition of the sample into a quantitative electrical signal. They are useful for the determination of a wide range of substrates but also of “group effects” for bioprocess control and environmental protection. Starting from the physiological fundamentals – including various ways of influencing sensor performance - this paper reviews the present state of the development of microbial sensors. Different sensor types developed by the authors's group are presented.     

水基钢丝拉拔润滑剂系统微生物污染成因与防治

在水基钢丝拉拔润滑剂中滋生的微生物污染会严重影响润滑剂的性能和使用寿命,研究和探索微生物生长繁殖的条件、影响因素及控制方法,对于润滑剂的使用和维护有着重要的现实意义.本文简单介绍了水基钢丝拉拔润滑剂中微生物的生长繁殖环境和影响因素,并结合实际对控制水基钢丝拉拔润滑剂中微生物的方法进行了探讨.     

水污染修复过程中微生物技术的应用以及作用

微生物技术修复水污染以其效率高、成本低、无二次污染等特点日益受到人们的重视。微生物在水体污染治理中的作用主要表现在以下几个方面:水体污染的微生物检测,以及微生物制剂技术,生物膜法,生物栅修复技术,生物吸附剂等方面在治理水体污染的作用.本文简述了微生物技术在修复水体有毒有机物(多环芳烃类为代表)污染、重金属污染以及富营养化治理工程中的研究成果及主要方法,提出了微生物修复研究中存在的问题并对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

微生物农药研发进展及各国管理现状

微生物农药可专指用于防治农作物病、虫、草、鼠害或促进作物生长的微生物体,根据用途和防治对象的不同,主要分为杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂等.回顾了不同类型微生物农药的研究、开发、生产和应用现状,比较了美国、加拿大、日本、韩国、澳大利亚和南非等国家微生物农药环境安全性评价方法和登记要求,最后结合微生物农药特点,对我国微生物农药管理工作提出几点建议,以期为我国微生物农药环境安全管理工作提供参考.     

Potential of microbial growth control in water hydraulic systems by UV‐irradiation and filtration

Water hydraulic systems use water as a pressure medium and, thus, do not pose such adverse environmental impacts as oil hydraulics. Microbial deterioration of the pressure medium and biofouling of the surfaces restrict the applicability of the water‐based technology. The potential of microbial growth control by UV‐irradiation and filtration was studied in a pilot‐scale water hydraulic system. The UV‐irradiation (25 m Ws cm^?2) of the pressure medium reduced the total viable counts of bacteria by 1–2 log₁₀ cfu cm^?3, whereas the total microbial cell numbers and the numbers of surface‐attached microorganisms remained unaffected. Prefiltration (1.2 µm, absolute) of the pressure medium decreased the total microbial cell number in the water phase and retarded the attachment of bacteria. The filtration during the operation (2 µm, absolute) decreased the total numbers of microbial cells and the total viable counts in the pressure medium, and microbial attachment on the surfaces. Microbial attachment was not prevented by filtration. The microbial water quality obtained by pre‐ and on‐line filtration of the pressure medium was sufficient to ensure the long‐term operation of the water hydraulic system assuming that clean work practices are complied with in assembly and during the operation. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Safety evaluation of microbial pesticide (HaNPV) based on PCR method

Microbial pesticides can prevent and control diseases and pests of crops, and has become one of the important measures to ensure food and environmental safety. However, the potential harm of microbial pesticides to humans and animals is a serious concern at home and abroad. In this paper, we have investigated the infectivity and pathogenicity of a representative of viral microbial pesticides, helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaNPV), by specific and highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction technology. The results show that HaNPV can be gradually cleared in a short time after getting into blood of experimental rats, and does not infect other tissues or organs of animals;also indicate that the test subjects are not infectious to experimental rats after intravenous injection of HaNPV. Our method has good specificity and repeatability, and could provide an important reference for establishment of infectivity and pathogenicity detection methods for viral microbial pesticides in future.     

洗衣液生产环境易感微生物分布及优势菌群

通过对不同季度洗衣液生产环境包括空气、设备表面、原材料及生产操作人员等各环节的微生物种属分布特点和优势菌群的分析可知,生产环境中主要微生物类群呈一定趋势分布:空气中主要以球菌、芽孢杆菌属、黄杆菌属和霉菌为主;设备表面和生产操作人员手部以革兰氏阴性菌为主,包括肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、埃希氏菌属和克雷伯氏菌属等,其中第2季度中微生物呈现的种属类别最多;优势菌群属于肠杆菌属、埃希氏菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、假单胞菌属和伯克霍尔德氏菌属等。通过环境样品微生物的采集、优势微生物的筛选,鉴定了对洗衣液产品构成潜在风险的易感微生物菌株。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究及在水处理领域的应用

微生物絮凝剂是新型、安全无毒的絮凝剂,文章综述了了微生物絮凝剂分类、可能的絮凝机理、影响微生物絮凝剂产生的因素以及微生物絮凝剂的在环境污染治理中的应用,最后指出了微生物絮凝剂研究的发展前景。     

微生物脱硫技术的研究进展

微生物脱硫是指在温和的条件下,利用微生物对各种含硫物质进行脱硫的技术。主要介绍了微生物在煤炭脱硫、石油脱硫、金属矿物脱硫、烟气脱硫以及废旧橡胶脱硫方面的应用进展,对各种方法进行了评述,并对今后微生物脱硫技术的发展提出了建议。     

Environmental Microbial Community Proteomics: Status,Challenges and Perspectives

Microbial community proteomics, also termed metaproteomics, is an emerging field within the area of microbiology, which studies the entire protein complement recovered directly from a complex environmental microbial community at a given point in time. Although it is still in its infancy, microbial community proteomics has shown its powerful potential in exploring microbial diversity, metabolic potential, ecological function and microbe-environment interactions. In this paper, we review recent advances achieved in microbial community proteomics conducted in diverse environments, such as marine and freshwater, sediment and soil, activated sludge, acid mine drainage biofilms and symbiotic communities. The challenges facing microbial community proteomics are also discussed, and we believe that microbial community proteomics will greatly enhance our understanding of the microbial world and its interactions with the environment.     

川北油田微生物吞吐采油技术研究

微生物采油技术按驱替方式可分为微生物吞吐采油技术和微生物驱油技术,微生物采油是现代生物技术在采油工程领域开拓性的应用,特别是对于高含水和近枯竭的老油田更显示出其强大的生命力。论文介绍了根据川北油田地质特征和开发特点,以川北油田实际油水样结合中原油田菌种进行的微生物采油室内实验研究成果及川北油田微生物吞吐采油矿场试验状况。结果表明:川北油田油藏地质条件适合微生物吞吐采油条件,优选菌种对川北油田原油的含蜡量降低幅度在25.5%~32.4%、降粘降幅在1.7%~17.1%、降低油水界面张力幅度在2.7%~21.5%,具有良好的微生物吞吐采油效果。但从矿场唯一一口井(cs47井)开展微生物吞吐采油试验的试验情况看,微生物吞吐采油增产效果并不明显,因此需要深入地进行研究。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究现状和发展趋势

生物絮凝剂（MBD是一种天然高分子絮凝剂，具有无毒、安全、高效、可生物降解、无二次污染等特点。本文综述了微生物絮凝剂国内外研究现状和应用进展；阐述了微生物絮凝剂的结构、化学组成、特点和种类；分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝作用机理、特性及影响其絮凝性能的因素；列举了目前微生物絮凝剂应用和存在的问题；探讨了研发微生物絮凝剂的关键所在；展望了生物絮凝剂今后的发展趋势和研究方向。     

污染物的微生物毒性检测方法的比较研究

根据文献调查,选择了微生物脱氢酶活性(TTC)、微生物毒性Microtox(MTX)、微生物呼吸率(BOD)、以及微生物降解动力学(DKT)等四种方法系统地比较研究了其表征污染物对微生物的毒性效应的灵敏性、准确性、可靠性和实用性。研究结果表明MTX方法能够最好地反映污染物的微生物毒性,而且操作简单、费时极少,数据的解释也最为方便。该方法可以应用于评价自然水体的毒性以及污染物生物降解所受的毒性效应。     

微生物脱除煤中硫的技术进展

微生物脱硫技术在煤炭工业和环境保护等方面显示出潜在的优势。介绍了煤中硫的存在形式、脱硫微生物的分类和微生物脱硫机理以及微生物脱硫技术,并指出了微生物脱硫存在的问题和进一步研究的发展方向。     

微生物资源与氨基酸的生产和应用

微生物资源具有多样性、易变性、生长快等特征，与动、植物资源相比存在许多未知数。对微生物生产氨基酸进行了概述．提出了应积极研究、开发和利用产氨基酸的微生物资源，拓展氨基酸产品，重组具特殊优良性能的氨基酸的生产菌种，大力发展有特色的氨基酸试剂。     

Top-down enrichment of oil field microbiomes to limit souring and control oil composition during extraction operations

Microbial processes sour oil, corrode equipment, and degrade hydrocarbons at an annual global cost to the oil and gas industry of nearly $2 billion. However, top-down control of these microbial processes can reduce their damage and enhance oil recovery. Here, we screened microbial communities from five oil wells in the Illinois basin and evaluated nutrient injection strategies to control metabolism and community composition. Molasses with molybdate supplementation stimulated gas and organic acid production while suppressing corrosive H₂S formation in samples from two wells. These changes were accompanied with significant reshaping of the microbiome community. Simulations of field operations via a lab-scale mini-coreflood validated that oil well microbiomes can be engineered to inhibit deleterious H₂S and shape oil hydrocarbon composition in situ. These pilot studies validate the economic potential and sustainability of top-down approaches for microbiome engineering to control microbes in oil extraction and enhance the economic viability of oil recovery.     

Insights into constructing a stable and efficient microbial consortium

Microbial consortia are ubiquitous in nature, in which multiple microbial species cooperate to complete some important tasks such as lignocellulose degradation. Because of the advantages such as reduced metabolic burden and robustness to environment disturbances, developing a microbial consortium is a promising approach for valuable product synthesis, lignocellulose utilization, human health care, bioremediation and sustainable energy, etc. Despite the benefits, however, most artificial microbial consortia confront the problems of instability and low efficiency due to growth competition and metabolite incompatibility. To overcome these challenges, multiple strategies to design efficient synthetic microbial consortia have been reported. In this review, the interactions that determine the stability and performance of microbial consortia were described. Progress of artificial microbial consortia research was summarized,and the key strategies i.e., spatial or temporal segregation, separated utilization of nutrients, nutrient cross-feeding and division of labor, that will be of great importance for achieving a stable and efficient microbial consortium were highlighted. Two novel advanced tools, signaling molecule systems and computational models, were also introduced and discussed. We believed that combining the universal cell–cell signaling molecule systems with computational models will be promising for synthetic microbial consortia construction in the future.     

微生物絮凝剂及其应用

微生物絮凝剂是一类由微生物产生的具有絮凝活性的天然高分子絮凝剂,因其无毒、可生物降解、无二次污染等独特的性质倍受人们的关注。综述了生物絮凝剂的产生菌,产生菌的筛选程序,以及生物絮凝剂的分类、絮凝机理和合成,并介绍微生物絮凝剂在废水处理领域的应用现状。     

现代生物化工产品:微生物絮凝剂

面对触目惊心的水质污染,工业微生物技术——微生物絮凝剂的研究为新世纪水质净化引导了新的方向。微生物絮凝剂为天然生物大分子,是一类具有絮凝功能、高效、安全、无二次污染及具生物降解性的生物多聚物。由于该产品是一种取之不尽的自然资源,所以在资源危机、生态环境危机的当今经济社会中展现出强劲发展势头。笔者系统地阐述了微生物絮凝剂的社会需求、国内外研究现状、结构特性、絮凝机制及研发的技术平台等。