双喷嘴矩形喷动床流动性能实验研究

在120 mm×240 mm的双喷嘴矩形不锈钢床内,对新型双喷嘴矩形导流管喷动床的最小喷动速度和喷动高度进行了研究,考察了喷动气速、粒径、静床层高度、导流管直径、导流管安装位置对最小喷动速度和喷动高度的影响。结果表明:最小喷动速度随颗粒直径、导流管直径、导喷距的增大而增大,随静床层高度的增大而减小;喷动高度随喷动气速的增大而增大,随导流管直径的增大而减小,受静床层高度和导喷距的影响不大,并得出了最小喷动速度的关联式。     

THE STABILITY OF WET SPOUTED BEDS

ABSTRACT

In granulation, coating or drying of slurries on inert particles a liquid phase is added to a gas-spouted bed. The effect of liquid injection on spouting velocity, fountain height, bed pressure drop and stability of the spouting regime is examined in a 0.15 m diameter bed with four types of inert particles 2 to 5 mm in size, 1140 to 2880 kg/m³ in true density, and 1.3 and 1400 mPa·s in liquid viscosity. Key factors are the liquid content and the presence of cohesive forces due to liquid bonds between particles. In a spoutability chart the maximum spoutable liquid content is related to the ratio of inertial force of a particle to the viscous or cohesive force exerted onto the particle by the liquid film. The spoutability chart serves to define regions of stable spouting.     

Liquid spouting of pulp fibers in a conical vessel

Pulp fibers can be spouted in water in a conical vessel. The entities which are spouted are fiber flocs rather than individual fibers. Synthetic fibers, which do not flocculate, cannot be spouted. For comparison, rigid spherical particles were spouted with water in the same conical vessel. Liquid spouting of rigid particles was similar to gaseous spouting. For pulp spouting, the minimum spouting velocity is proportional to the mass of fibers in the bed and inversely proportional to the diameter of the inlet. For rigid particles, the minimum spouting velocity is proportional to the height of the bed and inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the inlet. A model for the minimum spouting velocity was developed for pulp spouting.     

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Powder‐Particle Spouted Bed with Powder Entrained in Spouting Gas

Spouting of 3.7 mm polyvinyl chloride particles in a cone‐based cylindrical column is subjected to entrainment of FCC powder in the spouting air. It is found that the powder entrainment reduces the minimum spouting velocity, increases the bed pressure drop and reduces the maximum spoutable bed height. At any given bed height and value of U/U_ms, there is a critical value of powder loading ratio above which spouting gives way to slugging.     

带导流管液固喷动床的最小喷动速度研究

在截面为矩形有机玻璃喷动床内，使用四种粒径的窄筛分球形玻璃珠，以常温水作为喷动和辅助液体。综合考虑床体的几何尺寸、操作参数以及液体和颗粒的物性特征，系统研究带导流管喷动床的最小喷动速度，得出最小喷动速度的经验公式，为设计和操作提供参考。     

Hydrodynamics of a gas-driven gas-liquid-solid spouted bed with a draft tube

A cylindrical gas-liquid-solid spouted bed, driven exclusively by gas flow, has been developed with a high potential for use in biochemical processes, such as a biological wastewater treatment. A plexiglass column with a 152 mm inner diameter was used in combination with a 53 mm inner diameter plexiglass draft tube. Three particle types were studied with densities ranging from 1044 kg/m³-1485 kg/m³ and average particle sizes ranging from 0.7-2.5 mm. Four flow regimes were observed when increasing the gas velocity, including fixed bed, semispouted bed, full spouted bed, and internal circulating fluidized bed. The transition gas velocities between those regimes were experimentally measured and termed as minimum spouting velocity, full spouting velocity, and minimum circulating velocity, respectively. A measurement of the downward particle flux in the annulus was used to identify the minimum spouting velocity, while the particle velocity and dense phase retraction in the annulus were monitored for the full spouting and minimum circulating velocities. All regime transition velocities increased with more dense particles and longer draft tubes. The minimum spouting velocity and full spouting velocity were not affected when varying the nozzle-tube gap, while the minimum circulating velocity increased with longer nozzle-tube gaps. Experiments without a draft tube were carried, though the spouting stability was significantly reduced without the draft tube.     

狭缝式矩型喷动床中多粒度颗粒体系的最小喷动速度

在150 mm×50 mm×1100 mm的矩形喷动床中,采用宽度为2, 4, 6 mm 的3种狭缝式气体分布板,研究了单一粒度组成和多粒度组成玻璃珠的最小喷动速度. 实验证明,矩形喷动床的最小喷动速度与物料的粒度和组成有关. 给出了最小喷动速度与颗粒粒径和粒度组成的关联式,作出了多粒度组成颗粒体系最小喷动速度的相图.     

Spouting of two-dimensional beds with draft plates

Two slotted two-dimensional spouted bed units with flexible bed dimensions were used with draft plates to study spouting pressure drop and minimum spouting superficial velocity. The data were collected while varying slant angle, spout width, separation distance, length of bed, height of bed, and size of bed (geometrical similarity) using shelled corn, soybean, and wheat. The variables which affect the spouting pressure drop and air flow through the beds are discussed. Empirical correlations are developed following the principles of dimensional analysis and similitude. The developed correlations agree closely with the collected data.     

A comparative hydrodynamic study of two types of spouted bed reactor designs

In order to properly design and scale up spouted beds, one needs to predict the minimum spouting velocity of specific systems having different bed dimensions, and properties of particle and spouting gas. Because of inherent complexity of predicting minimum spouting velocity, the prevailing approach has been to use empirical correlations, a number of which are available in the literature. Central jet distributors are commonly used in the experimental studies reported in the literature. Circular slit distributor is a new concept in which air is supplied to the bed of particles through a circular slit. This paper presents results of an experimental study on the hydrodynamics of central jet and circular slit distributors. In this paper a fully connected feed-forward neural network model was used to predict the minimum spouting velocity of central jet and circular slit spouted beds. A neural network model was also developed to predict minimum fluidization velocity. The actual experimental data obtained from published literature and from the experiments carried out in this study were used for training and validating the models. The minimum spouting and fluidization velocities predicted using the neural network models developed in this study show a better approximation to the actual experimental values than those obtained from correlations available in the open literature. The position of flow regime of circular slit spouted bed was also established relative to the flow regimes of central jet spouted bed and fluidized bed.     

Spouting characteristics of spf wood pellets

The spouting characteristics with ambient air of cylindrical wood pellets, 6.5 mm in diameter and 11.1 ± 4.1 mm long, were investigated using a transparent 152.4‐mm diameter semi‐circular cone‐based cylindrical column. Despite the previously unexplored shape of the pellets in the spouted bed mode, the measured minimum spouting velocities at different bed heights, the maximum spoutable bed height and the mean spout diameter above the conical base were all well represented by equations from the literature developed mainly for more rounded particles. Pellet attrition was found to be severe, so that the possible torrefaction of the pellets by the spouting technique without sacrifice of their integrity appears to be unlikely. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

The maximum spoutable bed heights of fine particles spouted with air

The maximum spoutable bed heights of systems of fine glass spheres spouted with air are studied in flat based semi circular columns of 80 and 152.4 mm diameters using particles with average diameters ranging from 0.3 to 1.3 mm. New correlations are proposed to predict the maximum spoutable bed heights of air spouted fine particle systems. It is concluded that the influence of the column diameter on the maximum spoutable bed height is significantly decreased compared to coarse particle systems and that it further varies with particle size within the fine particle spouting regime. Data reported in the literature agree with the proposed correlations.     

水平辅助气对喷动床流动特性影响的研究

在上部内径为 195mm柱状、下部为 6 0°锥体的喷动床中水平引入辅助气 ,考察了水平辅助气对流动特性的影响。实验结果发现 ,辅助气的水平引入比竖直或法向引入可以更有效地抑制喷动气体向环流区扩散 ,降低最小喷动气速。在总气速一定的条件下 ,增大辅助气速的比例 ,可以降低喷动区空隙率而使颗粒浓度增大 ,提高颗粒的循环流动量。相比而言 ,喷动气速对喷动区颗粒的流动速度影响较大 ,而水平辅助气速对环流区颗粒的流动速度影响较大     

Pressure Fluctuations in Jet Spouted Beds

Jet spouted beds that consisted of a transparent Plexiglas cylindrical column of 1 m high and a conical base with cone angles of 30°, 36°, and 40° were used in this study. The particles used were spherical glass beads with an average diameter of 1.7, 2.1 and 3 mm, respectively, and particle size of 2.2 – 3.1 mm, non‐spherical rice particles. The effect of size and shape of particles, and static bed height on the minimum jet spouting velocity, and standard deviation of pressure fluctuations, was investigated. The results show that the minimum jet spouting velocity and pressure drop increased as the bed height and particle size increased. The minimum jet spouting velocity could be determined from the plot of standard deviation of pressure fluctuations vs. superficial gas velocity. The results obtained were in close agreement with the results of other methods in the literature.     

导向管喷流床的最小喷动速度的研究

在内径９２ｍｍ的有机玻璃床内,使用四种没的物料,以空气作为喷动相流气体,综合考虑了床层的几何尺寸,以及气体和固体本身的物性,研究了导向管喷流床的最小喷动速度,得出了导向管喷流床的最小喷动速度的经验公式,以便对其设计和操作提供参考     

喷动流化床流动形态变化的试验研究国家

在一个可视化的半圆柱喷动流化床试验台上研究了喷动流化床的流形变化规律。研究表明：随着喷动气量和流化气量的改变,床内会呈现不同的流动形态：固定床、带射流的流化床、喷动床、充气喷动床和喷动流化床。同时研究了量小喷动速度和最小喷动流化速度随喷动管内径、颗粒粒径、静止床高的变化规律,归纳了预测量小喷动速度和最小喷动流化速度的试验关联式,绘制了喷动流化床的流形划分相图。     

加压喷动床中细颗粒喷动特性

在内径分别为 186mm和 80mm的加压喷动床中 ,以空气为喷动介质 ,在 10 1～ 70 0kPa的压力范围内考察了几种不同粒度的细颗粒在加压下的喷动特性 .研究结果表明在不同的Re_t 内压力对最小喷动速度的影响不同 .实验还发现 ,随着压力的升高 ,喷动区直径增大 ,稳定操作区域增大 ,加压可明显改善喷动床的操作稳定性     

Spouting Enhancement by Addition of Small Quantities of Liquid to Gas‐Spouted Beds

The addition of liquid water to beds of polystyrene particles exceeding 3 mm in diameter enhanced spouting by causing a decrease in the minimum spouting velocity. While the degree of enhancement is quantitatively comparable to what we reported previously for fluidized beds of large light hydrophobic particles, the mechanism is quite different. Enhancement of spouting takes place because the liquid congregates at the spout‐annulus interface, forming an effective nearly‐impermeable draft tube which then increases the velocity of the gas up the spout.     

导向管充气喷动床流体力学性能

在内径92mm的有机玻璃床内,对导向管充气喷动床的操作相图、床层压降、最小喷动速度及最大弃气速度进行了研究.实验采用4种颗粒为实验物料并采用空气为 喷动和弃气气体,通过对实验数据的回归得到用于计算或判别导向管弃气喷动床最小喷动速度和最大充气速度的计算式,以便为其设计和操作提供依据.     

粗颗粒在锥型床中的流化特性

通过Ｇｅｌｄａｒｔ－Ｄ类粗颗粒在三种锥形床中的实验表明：随着入口的表观气速的增加,在床中依次出现固定床流区,部分流化区和喷动流区。在固定床区内,压降和表观气速关系可以通过Ｅｒｇｕｎ公式求得：在部分流化床区内;实验和理论计算均表明了由于颗粒所受到的曳力档的轴向高度增加而减小,造成床层轴向上部未流化的颗粒对下部硫化颗粒膨和压制作用,在喷动流化区内,给出了预测锥形床的初始喷动气速和喷动压降的经验公式。     

纳米TiO_2颗粒在声场导向管喷动流化床中的流化特性

在内径120 mm的半圆柱型声场导向管喷动流化床中,以平均粒径290 nm的TiO_2颗粒为原料,高速空气射流为喷动气,考察了操作条件、声参数(频率和声压)对纳米颗粒在声场导向管喷流床中的流态化特性的影响。结果表明:声波可以有效抑制沟流,改善环隙流化质量,防止射流旁路,从而促使粉体稳定循环,加快循环速率;同时声波可以显著地降低纳米TiO_2颗粒的最小喷动速度,声波频率一定时,最小喷动速度随声压的增加而减小;声压一定时,最小喷动速度在声波频率为80 Hz时达到最小值,低于或者高于80 Hz,最小喷动速度都会增大。