美国营养标签发展特征及其对我国食品营养标签制度的启示

美国是世界上营养标签起步早、类别多、制度比较完善的国家。本文基于营养事实标签以及心脏检查标志、指引星标签、NuVal评分标签、前面事实标签等包装正面(Front of package,FOP)标签概况总结美国营养标签发展特征发现,美国营养标签实施主体多元、适用性广,营养事实标签与FOP标签优势互补;营养标签电子信息化与国际化趋势显著。因此,结合我国营养标签实际情况,建议新增与营养健康密切相关的营养成分信息,为FOP标签设计提供支撑;加强中国居民膳食指南对营养标签的科普与使用推荐;完善生鲜农产品营养成分数据库,加快FOP标签在生鲜农产品的运用;通过政府监管与行业自律,构建企业FOP标签认证管理体系。     

食品包装正面标签系统研究趋势与展望

食品包装正面(food front of package, FOP)标签系统作为当前的全球趋势, 是许多国家减少营养慢性疾病, 提高国民健康的技术与管理手段。2019年我国将FOP标签系统列为健康中国行动计划, 开展文献回顾对指导我国研究和实践尤为必要。FOP标签系统是一个复杂系统工程, 涉及政府、生产者、消费者等利益群体, 当前尚缺乏从政府层面评估标签系统实施效果和从生产者视角分析标签改进食品配方的作用以及消费者标签格式偏好的分析。本文对标签认知、理解、使用行为及其影响因素、效果评估、不同类型FOP标签对消费者选购健康食品影响、不同标签内容与格式对消费者选购健康食品影响等方面进行了综述, 以期给标签系统实施提供决策支撑。     

我国超市生鲜农产品FOP标签的应用及运行机制设想

包装正面(FOP)标签尚未在我国生鲜农产品应用,为了给我国超市生鲜农产品FOP标签落地实施与可持续运行提供支撑,本研究基于政府、非营利性社会组织、企业三类推行主体,总结瑞典Keyhole标签、美国心脏检查标志、新加坡较健康选择标志、美国指引星标签、荷兰选择标识、美国NuVal评分标签等生鲜农产品FOP标签实施经验发现,...     

典型国家FOP标签系统在粮食及制品应用与启示

我国居民过多追求精米白面,忽视粗细粮合理搭配产生的营养健康问题引以重视。基于《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》对食品FOP(Front of Package)标签的倡导,对瑞典、丹麦、挪威的Keyhole标签系统、新加坡的较健康选择标志系统、澳大利亚和新西兰的健康星级评分系统在粮食及制品的应用范围、要求与成效进行介绍。案例分析发现,典型国家的FOP标签系统不仅指导生产商按照标签标准供应健康的粮食及制品,而且以简单易懂的标签图形引导消费者快速地识别产品的健康程度,轻松做出购买决策。当前,阻碍我国居民食用营养健康粮食及制品的问题不是供给侧,而是在居民消费习惯,唯有创新消费引导方式,尝试引入合理科学的FOP标签系统或许能促进居民提高健康粮食及制品的消费频率。     

国外包装正面标签在生鲜猪肉中的应用特征及启示

我国是生鲜猪肉消费大国,但居民猪肉日摄入过量,肥胖与相关慢性病发生风险较高。我国包装正面（Front of Package, FOP）标签仅适用于预包装食品,在生鲜猪肉应用可引导居民健康消费肉类。基于国际上可适用于生鲜猪肉的FOP标签实践经验梳理,瑞典锁孔标签、美国心脏检查标志、新加坡较健康选择标志、美国指引星标签、荷兰选择标识、美国NuVal评分标签具有启动背景相似、推行主体多元、适用食物来源广等共性特征,且拥有在多种生猪品种、不同猪肉部位以及不同出售形式采用阈值、等级、评分等方式展示猪肉营养信息等应用特征。我国目前具备在生鲜猪肉应用FOP标签的条件,在实际操作中建议纳入多元推行主体,设计囊括或专项的生鲜猪肉FOP标签,尽量覆盖全部生猪品种与不同猪肉部位以及基于消费者调查明确FOP标签形式。     

生鲜农产品FOP标签的国际经验与启发

包装正面标签能有效发挥健康消费引导作用,但尚未在我国生鲜农产品应用,发达国家的实践做法为我国提供了丰富的经验。本文介绍了瑞典的Keyhole标签、美国的Heart-Check标志、新加坡的较健康选择标志、美国Guiding Stars标签、荷兰选择标识、美国NuVal评分标签6个应用于生鲜农产品的FOP标签,分析了标签间的异同点,建议我国以生鲜超市为试点,完善生鲜农产品营养成分数据库,定期更新标签营养评价标准。     

儿童食品FOP标签实施国际经验及启示

在全球10种适合儿童食品的包装正面标签(FOP标签)中，Nutri-score标签、健康星级评分系统特别警告标签能显著引导儿童及其家长减少不健康食品消费，但现实中食品包装正面的营销信息容易干扰消费者依据FOP标签做健康决策。研究指出结合营养成分表强制标示的营养成分，借鉴警告标签经验设计在中国的FOP标签的可行性较高，建议明确FOP标签的使用格式以及规范企业的营销信息标示。此外，还要提升学龄儿童、学龄前儿童父母的营养素养，学会甄别食品包装信息以及利用FOP标签。     

美国心脏协会Heart-Check标志的发展经验与借鉴

从美国心脏协会官方网站采集Heart-Check标志的资料与信息,从Heart-Check标志实施原因、特点、与相关FOP标签比较、营养标准、认证的食物（品）与食谱、实施效果等方面总结其成功经验,并为中国行业协会启动与完善FOP标签提出若干启发。     

美国NuVal评分标签发展的经验分析与启示

为探索企业主导包装正面（FOP）标签提供的启发，研究利用美国NuVal评分标签官方资料总结国际经验。结果发现，NuVal评分标签基于整体营养质量指数，用1~100表达包装食品、生鲜农产品的营养价值，评分越高，营养状况越好。标签与食品价格相结合，方便消费者比较所支付的营养价值。因此，中国可尝试设计营养评价信息与价格一体化的FOP标签，并在生鲜农产品试行推广，以及按照国民营养需求适时调整FOP标签算法。     

我国植物性食物标示FOP标签的营养评价标准研究

为了让消费者通过包装正面(FOP)标签选择整体营养价值高的植物性食物,本研究借鉴瑞典Keyhole标签、新加坡较健康选择标志、荷兰选择标识的营养评价标准,选取膳食纤维和全谷物、钙、膳食纤维分别作为谷物制品、豆制品、蔬果制品的鼓励性营养素/食物组,并根据《预包装食品营养标签通则(GB 28050—2011)》的膳食纤维与钙来源的含量要求以及《全谷物及全谷物食品判定及标识通则T/CNSS 008—2021)》关于全谷物原料含量要求设置阈值,再结合《预包装食品“健康选择”标识规范(T/CNSS 001—2018)》的阈值规定,初步完成谷物、豆类、蔬果及制品的营养评价标准设计,但未来还要构建分门别类、动态更新以及考虑推广效果的营养评价标准。     

The Growing Role of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Profile Labeling: A Consumer Perspective on Key Issues and Controversies

Nutrition-related diseases, such as some cancers, heart diseases, and obesity, belong to the most challenging health concerns of our time. Communicating intuitive and simple nutrition information by means of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition profile signpost labeling is increasingly seen as an essential tool in efforts to combat unhealthy food choices and improve public health. Consequently, much attention in policy and research is given to nutrient profiling methods and the determination of optimal nutrition criteria. Although consumer research on nutrition signpost labeling is now gradually appearing in the literature, the value and meaning of these labeling systems for consumers have received less attention. In the current debate a concise overview is lacking of the consumer perspective, including relevant psychological phenomena, in relation to much debated controversies surrounding these labels and their further development, such as the most effective type of signpost labeling system and varying stakeholder interests. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review the literature in the consumer domain of FOP nutrition labeling in order to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of this form of nutrition education from a consumer perspective.     

Legislation — Impact and Trends in Nutrition Labeling: A Global Overview

The need for accurate nutrition labeling on food products has never been greater. Obesity has assumed near-epidemic levels in both industrialized and emerging nations in recent years, and governments and consumer groups around the world are looking for ways to improve the nutritional choices for their citizenry while simultaneously balancing their freedom of choice through the use of nutrition labeling. Despite increasingly aggressive efforts by government and industry organizations to raise consumer awareness, though, many consumers either do not consult nutrition labels or they are not in a position to interpret the information on these labels accurately. To gain some fresh insights into nutrition labeling practices worldwide, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed, scholarly, and government literature to describe regulations enacted to date, evolving and future trends, and the likely impact of food product labels. In this regard, the paper highlights similarities and discrepancies that exist, identifies gaps, and gives directions for the future.     

美国食品Facts up Front标签的主要经验与启发

采集美国Facts up Front标签官方网站发布的资料与信息,从Facts up Front标签的特点、类型,与相近包装正面（FOP）标签的基本情况对比,与其他包装正面（FOP）标签的实施效果比较等方面凝练实践经验,并为中国启动与发展包装正面（FOP）标签提出建议。     

指引星包装正面标签的国际经验与启发

文章从营养评价算法及其特点、推广情况、产品检索数据库、宣教活动、实施效果等方面对指引星进行了阐述,总结了中国企业在包装正面标识(FOP)标签认证领域的3点启发,并提出了中国政府推进企业开展FOP标签认证的政策建议。     

欧美转基因食品标识制度比较及启示

转基因食品标识对于转基因食品安全管理有着重要的价值和意义。当前欧盟和美国在转基因食品标识管理方面呈现出强制和自愿两种进路,二者在标识类型、方法、形式和内容等方面差异明显。欧美作出不同的制度选择,是由双方在转基因食品安全管理理念与价值取向、贸易状况、文化传统以及民众观念等多方面的不同决定的。中国可从欧美制度比较中汲取经验,在立足于中国国情的基础上对转基因食品标识管理作出相应完善。     

含糖饮料强制FOP标识国际实践与经验——以新加坡营养等级标签为例

通过新加坡卫生部官方网站、文献等渠道收集有关新加坡营养等级标签资料，总结新加坡营养等级标签的政策演进、标准规则、支撑措施及实施效果。营养等级标签在强制营养成分表披露糖信息、评价多形式含糖饮料、禁止高糖饮料广告等方面的实践经验对中国实施含糖饮料强制FOP标识具有重要启示。     

Consumer Awareness and Interest Toward Sodium Reduction Trends in Korea

Reduction of dietary sodium intake by lowering amount of sodium in foods is a global industry target. Quantitative information on current consumer knowledge of sodium reduction trends in Korea is unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the consumer knowledge and awareness of sodium and salt reduction in foods and to characterize consumer interest in health labeling on the food package. Additionally, comparison of consumer knowledge status between Korea and United States was followed. Consumers (n = 289) participated in an internet survey designed to gauge consumer knowledge and attitudes toward dietary sodium, the sodium content in representative food products (n = 27), and their interest toward specific health claims, including sodium labeling. Questions regarding demographics as well as consumption characteristics were asked. Sodium knowledge index and saltiness belief index were calculated based on the number of correct responses regarding the salt level and sodium content in given food products. Kano analysis was conducted to determine the role of nutrition labels in consumer satisfaction with products. Current consumer knowledge on the sodium content in food products was high, and consumers were adept at matching the sodium content with the salty taste intensity of food products. Consumers’ knowledge of the relationship between diets high in sodium and an increased risk of developing previously reported sodium‐related diseases, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, and stomach cancer, were also high. Information on the nutrition panel that influences the consumer satisfaction (trans‐fat, sodium, ingredient list, and country of origin) as well as adjective‐nutrition claim pairs that appeal positively to purchase intent of the product were identified.