Performance of fibrous filters during nanoparticle cake formation

Fibrous filters are highly efficient in removing micrometer particles, but their performance in the nanometer particle range is still little known. The aim of this study was to evaluate pressure drop and collection efficiency during nanoparticles cake formation using commercial fibrous filters. The filter media used were High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) and polyester filters. The aerosols were generated by a commercial inhaler using a 5 g/L solution of NaCl and the particles produced were in the size range from 6 to 800 nm, with a peak at around 40 nm. A superficial velocity (v_s) of 0.06 m/s was employed. During the filtration, the maximum pressure drop established was ?P ₌ ?P_f +980Pa, where ?P_f is the initial pressure drop of the filter. The collection efficiency was determined for a clean filter and for intermediate pressure drops. The filtration curves obtained showed that the HEPA filter provided greater surface filtration, compared to the polyester filter. Comparison of the collection efficiencies for clean filters revealed that the HEPA filter was highly efficient, even in the absence of cake, while the polyester filter showed initial collection efficiencies of between 20 and 40% for particles in the size range from 100 nm to 1000 nm. However, after formation of the filter cake, the collection efficiencies of both filters were almost 100% during the final stage of filtration. This shows that the fibrous filter can be applied in several industrial processes with highly efficient nanoparticle separation, after the formation of a thin layer cake filtration.     

孔径梯度分布对亲油型滤材气液过滤性能的影响

在天然气净化、大型旋转机械曲轴箱通风和压缩空气过滤等领域,气液聚结过滤器具有广泛的应用。利用滤材过滤性能实验装置,分析了气液过滤过程中不同孔径梯度分布的亲油型滤材的压降、穿透率和饱和度变化,比较了其过滤性能、内部液体分布特性以及对液滴二次夹带现象的影响。结果表明：在气液过滤过程“通道压降”阶段,孔径递增滤材压降和0.8 μm以上液滴穿透率的变化曲线具有明显的分层特征。不同孔径梯度分布滤材的稳态过滤性能存在明显差异,主要原因是滤材内部存在液体运移通道的传递现象。通过与孔径递减和孔径均匀分布滤材的稳态过滤性能对比,发现孔径递增滤材在保证较低压降的同时具有最高的品质因子,有利于减少液滴二次夹带现象的发生,且对0.8 μm以上不同粒径液滴均具有最高的过滤效率,即孔径递增滤材在气液聚结过滤器设计中更具优势。     

纤维过滤滤饼孔隙率计算机模拟

基于受限扩散模型,建立纤维介质表面粉尘颗粒沉积形成滤饼的模拟模型。粉尘颗粒在远离过滤介质的控制面上释放,假设对流扩散运动为颗粒输送和沉积的主要机理。定义Pe数为颗粒对流作用与扩散运动的比值,讨论不同Pe数对滤饼孔隙率的影响。对Pe数范围为0.25~1600进行模拟计算结果表明,Pe数对滤饼的孔隙率影响显著。当颗粒的扩散运动强于对流运动,颗粒沉积形成的滤饼为较为松散的结构,当Pe数较大时,颗粒沉积形成的滤饼为较为紧密的堆积结构。此外,考虑到实际过滤过程中粉尘颗粒大多为非等径粒子,也对多分散粒子对滤饼形成及孔隙率的影响作了分析。     

Designing optimally-graded depth filter media using a novel multiscale method

Even though current manufacturing methods allow to build precisely-defined graded depth filter media, it remains unclear which local filtration properties are desirable. We, therefore, introduce a multiscale approach which links pore and continuum scale (PS and CS) to address this question. Based on data from PS simulations, local filtration performance, as described by the filter coefficient, is predicted on the CS by an optimal control solution and the obtained trajectory is translated back to the PS where it is validated. Two case studies are presented: a bidisperse fibrous medium and a granular depth filter composed of bidisperse particles. Both media are optimized to achieve a homogenous deposition of separated impurities along the filter depth. It is found that the presented method allows to reach this goal reasonably well in both cases. We claim that our method forms a good basis for further developments for which promising possibilities are highlighted.     

Efficient material design for diesel particulate filters

This paper will give an overview about the filter development for diesel particulate emission control in automotive applications. The material development for passenger car diesel particulate filters led to new materials like silicon carbide while for heavy duty applications still Cordierite plays a major role. But in the future other materials might also be used for passenger cars. This paper will show the basic difference between both applications and describe the material design in terms of filter properties (base material, back pressure aspects, filtration efficiency, coating impact). Current application on vehicles with catalysed soot filters (CSF) with and without oxidation catalyst will be presented. Furthermore an outlook will be given on materials for catalysed soot filters for the future.     

Filter life comparison of different levels of nanofiber coated cleanable-surface filter for gas turbine

High-efficiency air filtration is a basic requirement for the most cost-effective operation of high-efficiency gas turbines. The filtration system protects the gas turbine from damaging debris. In gas turbine/dust collector applications, higher efficiency filtration could be achieved with nanofibers, which provide higher equipment protection than traditional media. With a nanofiber performance filter layer, the dust accumulates on the surface of the filtration media rather than within the media and could be cleaned off easily with a back pulse resulting in long filter life and a low-operating pressure drop. In this study five type of gas tribune nanofiber coated corrugated cellulose/synthetic filter media were developed. Nanofiber coating was adjusted for five filtration efficiency level, 50 ≤ E < 60, 60 ≤ E < 70, 70 ≤ E < 85, 85 ≤ E < 95 and 95 ≤ E, pore size and filter-life of the developed media were evaluated. One of the developed nanofiber coated media was also compared with two other commercial nanofiber coated gas tribune filter media, a glass fiber type filter media and a commercial fine fiber gas tribune filter media. It was seen that, with decreasing penetration levels due to nanofiber coating level, initial 30 cycle durations of filter life evaluation could reach about 229.9 to 250.7 min. Highest final cycle duration of 188.7 min belonged to cellulose/synthetic blend corrugated filter media with penetration of 13.66%. Nanofiber based surface filter media was cleaned up better than fine fiber media and final 30 cycle sequences were significantly higher. Surface of the nanofiber coated media was smoother when compared to fine fiber media and during the initial and final cycle test dust could not penetrate inside and could not hang to this smooth surface. So, with back pulse cleaning cake releasing have performed easily. It was also seen that, for higher filter life nanofiber coating should be uniform and robust to back pulse cleaning.     

湿法磷酸过滤操作及我厂3种过滤机使用情况

介绍磷酸料浆过滤操作和基本要点及3种(带式、翻盘式、转台式)过滤机的优缺点,比较3种过滤机过滤前后磷酸P2O5浓度变化值(降低值)分别为0.37%、2.04%、1.48%。并提出了优化过滤操作的可行性建议。     

纤维过滤技术的研究进展

比较系统地综述了纤维过滤技术的发展历程,纤维滤料在水处理系统应用以来,从纤维乱堆形式发展到现在的规格化纤维过滤材料,经历了一系列的过程,同样纤维过滤技术也随着纤维滤料的发展不断的有新的过滤器出现.在分析了滤料发展的基础上,综述了纤维过滤器技术的发展,并重点介绍了纤维过滤技术发展以来出现的各种纤维过滤器的结构,以及其运行特点.     

提高凯膜过滤器生产能力的措施

总结了在一次盐水生产中采用凯膜过滤技术的经验，找出影响过滤能力的因素和解决措施。介绍了生产过程中的控制要点。     

盘式过滤器工艺性能对比试验研究

设计了并联式的过滤系统,将国产、进口的盘式过滤器进行了工艺性能对比试验。针对不同过滤精度的盘片在不同的加药量下,对比研究了两种过滤器进出水的浊度和悬浮固体含量、周期产水量、FPI值、水头损失、流量、反洗等工艺性能参数的差异。试验结果表明:在相同试验条件下,两种过滤器的工艺性能和出水水质参数都相近。     

纤维束滤床过滤性能的研究

用不同尺寸悬浮颗粒进行了上向流纤维束滤床过滤性能的实验研究。结果表明,在床层下部或过滤初期,较大颗粒的去除率较高,而在床层上部或过滤后期,不同粒径颗粒的去除率无明显差异;较小颗粒过滤时产生的水头损失较大,且增加较快。     

A Simple Numerical Model of Pressure Drop Dynamics During the Filtration of Liquid Aerosols on Fibrous Filters

We present a new numerical model of filtration of liquid aerosols on fibrous filters. The main goal of the model is to describe the dependence of pressure drop on time during the nonstationary filtration process. The main difference between the current model and others present in the literature is that it contains very few parameters—in its minimal form only two—and still describes the results of experimental measurements with a very good accuracy. We also estimate the dependence of the parameters of the model on the process conditions (i.e., gas flow velocity and the geometrical parameters of the filter) which enable the use of the presented model to predict the filtration process evolution in any fibrous filters.     

颗粒群的体积分维数对过滤性能的影响

从理论上证明了颗粒群的体积分维数的物理含义,结果表明颗粒群的体积分维数可定量描述颗粒群的粒度分布宽度,准确反映了颗粒群填充三维空间的能力,并通过试验研究了颗粒群的体积分维数对滤饼孔隙率及比阻的影响规律。     

Loading of fibrous filter media and newly designed filter configurations by salt particles: An experimental study

Various fibrous filter media, including surface filter media, depth filter media, woven and nonwoven filter media, were tested and particle loading capacity was calculated using bench‐scale setup via a new estimation approach which was proposed and experimentally verified with Novick‐Kozeny model. Multi‐element structured arrays (MESAs) developed by our research group were evaluated as well for particle loading capacity and filter lifetime on 24″ × 24″ full scale test rig (based on ASHRAE 52.2 Standard). Effects of varying filter media type, filter depth, pleat count and MESAs' element count on salt particle loading performance were experimentally investigated. The experimental studies showed that nonwoven activated carbon fiber filter media have allowed significantly higher salt particle loading capacity and longer useful lifetime compared to woven or nanofiber entrapped media. Furthermore, MESAs were able to significantly enhance loading capacity for salt particles and useful lifetime due to higher filtration area and lower filtration velocity. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3739–3750, 2016     

化工产品生命周期设计的理论和方法

生命周期评价(LCA)和生命周期成本分析(LCC)是实现化工产品和过程清洁生产的两大支持工具。分别介绍了生命周期评价和生命周期成本的内涵和特征,提出了产品生命周期设计(LCD)的概念和实施步骤,有助于设计人员做出正确的决策,开发出环境友好、经济节约的产品。     

Impact of multilayering on the filtration performance of clean air filter media

Fibrous filter media are commonly used to remove airborne particles that are harmful to human health and the environment. Although filter media are often multilayered for various reasons, no systematic study of the impact of multilayering on filter media performance has been reported. In this paper, direct numerical simulations with the lattice Boltzmann method are used in order to shed light on the impact of multilayering on the performance of clean bimodal fibrous filter media in a Stokes flow regime. Virtual model clean filter media with up to eight layers and various fibre formulations are compared in terms of permeability or pressure drop, capture efficiency, and quality factor. A careful analysis of the results revealed that multilayering had no statistically significant impact on the performance of the clean filter media. At best, the impact of multilayering was similar to that of the inherent variability of such random structures. Fibre formulation was found to be a more efficient way of improving the performance of the filter media. Placing interlayered air gaps between fibrous layers also slightly improved the quality factor by facilitating the flow at the interfaces of the fibrous layers. These findings will guide future studies on the performance of multilayered filters with more complex flow conditions, such as those encountered with inertial or nanofibre-made filter media and with the fouling of filter media.     

Improving the design of depth filters: A model‐based method using optimal control theory

Because there is no general design method for depth filters, especially for layered configurations, this methodological gap is addressed here. Using optimal control theory, paths of the filter coefficient, a measure for local filtration performance, are determined along the filter depth. An analytical optimal control solution is derived and used to validate the numerical algorithm. Two optimal control scenarios are solved numerically: In the first scenario, the goal of constant deposition along the filter depth is addressed. The second scenario aims at maximizing the time until some maximal pressure drop is reached. Furthermore, a computational strategy is presented to derive discrete layers suitable for practical design from the continuous optimal control solutions. All optimized scenarios are compared to one‐layered filter designs and significant improvements are found. As this work is based on strongly validated and widely used filtration models, the presented methods are expected to have broad applicability. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 68–76, 2018     

滤料表面黑化物质的组成及其洗除技术研究

以湘江为地表水源的某些水厂的滤料存在黑化变质现象。随机选取部分已变黑滤料 ,用电镜观察等技术对其表面物质组成进行分析。结果表明 ,附着在滤料上的黑色物质的主要成分包括锰、铁、铝、硅、氧等元素。在 10 0～ 15 0rpm的搅拌强度下 ,3%左右的盐酸能有效洗除滤料表面的黑色附着物     

Experimental Techniques for the Development of the Turbulent Precipitator as a Diesel Particulate Filter

A novel type of diesel particulate filter is introduced: the turbulent precipitator. The aim is to develop a catalytically active filter, based on Cs₂SO₄V₂O₅ molten salt catalyst or cerium fuel-borne catalyst. The novel filter type is developed to circumvent obvious problems like plugging and high pressure drop. In addition to that, it should be flexible, robust and possible to tune for different diesel engines. Its main features are an open flow channel (to prevent plugging and high pressure drops) and soot collection plates (to trap diesel soot). Two filter geometries are described, one with metal collector plates and one with ceramic foam collector plates. Results show that different geometries have different capabilities, making tuning for different diesel engines possible. An engine test bench was designed to measure filter efficiencies, both by particle numbers and particle mass. The diesel soot aerosol is measured with an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI). These measurements are not straightforward. For evaluation purposes, the engine test bench was divided into three major components to test it for aerosol measurements: diesel setup, aerosol sampling setup, and ELPI. Each part is restricted by a maximum time on stream.